Chapter 29: Wilsonian Progressivism in Peace and War (1913-1920)

Triple Wall of Privilege

President Woodrow Wilson’s campaign to address three economic obstacles

• tariffs, banking, and trusts

monopolies, fairness

Wilson’s Triple Wall of Privilege was critical in reducing the influence of ? and ensuring ? in the economy

• part a series of progressive reforms

• part of the New Freedom program

Underwood Tariff Bill

A bill that significantly reduced tariffs on imported goods and introduced graduated income taxes

• signed in by Woodrow Wilson

competition, international trade

The Underwood Tariff Bill was a cornerstone of Wilson’s plan to promote ?

• encouraged ? and helped consumers

• part of Wilson’s New Freedom agenda

Federal Reserve Act

An act that established the Federal Reserve System, reforming the U.S. banking system

• gave federal government greater control over the economy

  • important to note that its still a degree independent from direct governmental control

• regional Federal Reserve Banks were placed all over the country

stabilize, money

The Federal Reserve was designed to ? the financial system by regulating ? supply and providing lenders as last resorts

• extremely important for preventing financial panics and crises

Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914

Established the Federal Trade Commission that investigated and regulated business practices that were “unfair” or “anti-competitive”

corporate power, transparency

The Federal Trade Commission Act was a significant step in the progressive movement’s efforts to control ?

• promote ? in the marketplace

Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914

An act designed to strengthen earlier anti-trust laws by addressing loopholes and practices that allowed corporations to maintain monopolies

power, regulate, competitive

Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 was critical in giving the government ? to ? large corporations

• curbed the ability to engage in anti-? practices

Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916

An act that aimed to make credit more accessible to farmers by establishing a system of federal farm loan banks

• long-term loans at low interest rates

support, credit, rural

The Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 was significant in providing ? to farmers who struggled with private ?

• part of Wilson’s efforts to support ? America and agricultural growth

Jones Act of 1916

An act that granted U.S. citizenship to the people of Puerto Rico

• established a more structured government for the territory

relationship, governance, expansion

The Jones Act of 1916 was a major step in the political ? between the U.S. and Puerto Rico

• it was an important move towards greater self-?

• part of the U.S. trend towards territorial ?

Venustiano Carranza

President of Mexico after the defeat of Pancho Villa’s forces

• supported by the U.S.

Pancho Villa

Popular leader among poor Mexicans who fought for land reform and social justice

• fought with Carranza after Carranza became Mexico’s new president

instability, raids, tension

Conflict between Carranza and Villa led to political ? in Mexico

• Villa’s ? on U.S. territory contributed to ? between Mexico and the U.S.

Lusitania

British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat in May 1915

• 128 Americans died amongst the 1,198 deaths

• part of Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare campaign

outrage, German, war

The sinking of the Lusitania sparked ? in the U.S. and increased anti-? sentiment

• critical role in the U.S. eventually deciding to declare ? on Germany

Sussex Pledge

Promise made by Germany in 1916 after sinking the French Passenger ship Sussex

• Germany agreed to cease attacking passenger ships

  • only after U.S. protest and diplomatic pressure

failed, temporary, wartime, neutrality

The Sussex Pledge ultimately ? to prevent further attacks as it was ?

• it represented the tensions between the U.S. and Germany over ? tactics and ?

Zimmerman Note

Secret diplomatic communication from Germany to Mexico, intercepted by British intelligence in 1917

• Germany promised Mexico the return of lost territories to the U.S. (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona) if Mexico agreed to ally with Germany if the U.S. entered WWI

war, Germany

The Zimmerman Note was one of the most important factors for the U.S. decision to declare ? on ?

• produced insane outrage in the United States

Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson’s vision for just and lasting peace following World War I

• points called for

  • establishment of League of Nation

  • reduction of armaments

  • removal of trade barriers

  • right to self-determination

diplomacy, implemented, European, Congress

Wilson’s 14 Points shaped U.S. ?, but not all of them were actually ? into the Treaty of Versailles

• faced opposition from ? leaders and even ?

Committee on Public Information

Committee established during World War I to influence public opinion and promote support for the war effort

• propaganda to support war efforts

rally, control, free

The Committee on Public Information helped ? Americans around the cause

• however, the CPI raised concern about government ? over ? speech

War Industries Board

A board established to coordinate the production of war materials and ensure industries focused on supporting the war effort during WWI

• regulate industries

• allocate resources

• set prices for military

labor, industrial, intervention, economy

The War Industries Board was significant in regulating ? practices and improving ? efficiency

• represented the expansion of government ? in the ? during war

Industrial Workers of the World

Radical labor organized founded in 1905 with the goal of uniting all workers to overthrow the capitalist system

• adovocated

  • direct action

  • strikes / protests

  • better working conditions

employers, government, labor

The Industrial Workers of the World faced strong opposition from both ? and the ?

• remained a significant voice for ? rights during the 20th century

• reflected the growing movement for labor this period

19th Amendment

Amendment ratified in 1920 that granted women the right to vote in the U.S.

victory, participation, activism

The 19th Amendment was a key ? for the women’s rights movement and represented a significant step in the political ? of women

• result of decades of ?

League of Nations

International Organization created after WWI as a part of President Wilson’s 14 points

• aim was to promote peace and prevent future conflicts

enforce, power, Senate

The League of Nations struggled to actually ? any of its goals as it lacked real ?

• the U.S. ? did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles and so the U.S. did not join the League

Treaty of Versailles

A treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended WWI and imposed harsh penalties on Germany

• some of the penalties on Germany included

  • territorial losses

  • military restrictions

  • heavy reparations

• created the League of Nations

failed, WWII, punishment

The Treaty of Versailles ? to create lasting peace and contributed to the conditions that led to ?

• the people of Germany considered the terms as more of a ? (Diktat = dictated peace)