HAZARDOUS WASTE

Solid Waste

Discarded solid materials from various activities.

Non-hazardous Municipal Wastes

Waste from residential, commercial, and industrial sources.

Objective of Solid Waste Management

Control and dispose of waste economically and safely.

Source Reduction

Minimizing waste through reuse and composting.

Recycling

Processing materials to create new products.

Combustion

Burning waste for energy recovery.

Landfilling

Disposing waste in designated areas.

Garbage

Biodegradable food waste.

Rubbish

Non-biodegradable solid waste.

Special Wastes

Construction debris and sporadic litter collection.

Urbanization

Population influx affecting waste characteristics.

Industrialization

Creation of a throwaway society through cheap products.

Composition of Solid Waste

Variety of materials in municipal waste.

Density

Varies with waste composition and compaction.

Energy Content

50% volatile matter in municipal solid waste.

Public Health Protection

Preventing disease from organic waste breeding grounds.

Vectors for Disease Transmission

Flies, rodents, and mosquitoes associated with waste.

Pathogens

Disease-causing organisms in organic waste.

Frequency of Collection

More pickups increase total waste collected.

Home Garbage Grinders

Reduce food waste but do not eliminate it.

Per Capita Income

Influences total waste production and composition.

Acceptability of Packaged Foods

Increases paper content in solid waste.

Degree of Urbanization

Affects waste quantity and composition.

Convenience Foods

Increase waste due to packaging.

Disease Concerns

Gastroenteritis and dysentery linked to waste.

Vermin Control

Methods to reduce health hazards from pests.

Leachate

Contaminated drainage from decomposing refuse.

Aerobic Decomposition

Decomposition process that requires oxygen and generates heat.

Mass-Burning

Direct burning of solid waste in incinerators.

Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)

Fuel made from processed municipal solid waste.

Aluminum Recycling

Highly successful due to high bauxite costs.

Paper Recycling Challenges

Limited success due to cheap virgin fiber.

Glass Recycling

Uses cullet for energy savings in production.

Plastic Recycling Issues

Low value and lack of processing infrastructure.

Ferrous Metal Recycling

Requires separation and detinning of tin cans.

Energy Recovery

Using waste material as fuel or for reuse.

Collection Systems

Methods for efficient waste pickup and management.

Packer Trucks

Vehicles designed for compacting and collecting waste.

Waste Pickup Frequency

Recommended at least once per week.

Contamination in Recycling

Decreased quality of materials affects market value.

Market Development

Depends on material quality and industry capacity.

Energy Conservation

Applying reuse to save energy in waste disposal.

High Putrescible Content

Waste with high organic matter requiring frequent pickup.

Waste Management Laws

Regulations to reduce virgin material usage.

Community Rates

Fees that penalize increased waste generation.

Environmental Impact

Consequences of waste disposal on ecosystems.

Incineration Residues

Byproducts that can contaminate groundwater.

Collection Infrastructure

Systems for reliable recovery of recyclable materials.

Odor Control

Management practices to minimize waste smells.

Waste Management Hierarchy

Ranking of waste management practices by effectiveness.

Self-loading compactor

Vehicle that unloads containers automatically at sites.

Container trucks

Vehicles delivering and picking up storage containers.

Hoist truck

Lifts small containers into place for collection.

Tilt-frame truck

Handles larger drop boxes for refuse collection.

Transfer stations

Facilities for transferring waste to long-haul vehicles.

Rail haul

Transporting waste via rail for distances over 100 miles.

Route selection

Choosing economical paths for waste collection and disposal.

Alley pickup

Service method without set out cans or scheduled pickups.

Curb pickup

Service method requiring residents to place waste at curbs.

At-source separation

Separating recyclables at the waste generation location.

Material recovery facilities (MRFs)

Facilities for processing and recovering recyclable materials.

Grinders

Devices that grind food waste into slurry for disposal.

Compactors

Machines that compress waste to reduce transportation costs.

Composters

Systems for decomposing organic waste into compost.

Central separation

Processing mixed waste in centralized facilities.

Air classification

Separates lightweight materials like paper and plastic.

Magnetic separation

Removes ferrous metals from mixed waste streams.

Optical differentiation

Separates glass by color using optical technology.

Resource recovery plants

Facilities recovering materials and energy from waste.

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF)

Fuel produced from processed municipal solid waste.

Incineration

Burning waste to reduce it to ashes.

Waterwall incinerators

Burning devices with water-cooled walls for efficiency.

Energy recovery

Capturing energy from waste combustion processes.

Superheater

Component that heats steam in waste heat boilers.

Economizer

Heats feed water while cooling flue gases.

Fluidized bed incinerators

Advanced incinerators using fluidized bed technology.

Modular combustion units

Compact systems for efficient waste burning.

Air Pollution Control

Techniques to remove pollutants from emissions.

Composting

Aerobic decomposition of organic matter into compost.

Thermophilic Bacteria

Bacteria active at high temperatures in composting.

Sanitary Landfill

Waste compacted in layers and covered with earth.

Volume Reduction

Methods to decrease waste size for management.

Anaerobic Digestion

Biological process breaking down waste without oxygen.

Methane

Explosive gas produced during anaerobic decomposition.

Ash Disposal

Managing residual ash from incineration processes.

Source-Separated Organic Wastes

Organics collected separately for higher quality compost.

Marketable Compost

Compost that meets quality standards for sale.

Hydrogeological Investigation

Study of groundwater to site landfills safely.

Cover Material

Soil used to cover waste in landfills.

Economic Loss

Loss of land value due to landfill use.

Environmental Effects

Negative impacts of landfilling on ecosystems.

Aesthetic Considerations

Visual and odor issues from poorly managed landfills.

High-Pressure Compaction

Compressing waste into solid blocks for reduction.

Organic Matter Decomposition

Breakdown of organic waste producing leachate.

Scrubber Effluent

Liquid waste from air pollution control systems.

Heavy Metal Residues

Toxic metals remaining in ash after incineration.

Compost Temperatures

Should reach 60°C for pathogen destruction.

Bacteria and Fungi

Microorganisms responsible for composting process.

Carbon Dioxide

Combines with water, creating acidic conditions.

Darcy's Law

Describes liquid flow through soil based on gradient.