Week 1 Values- Easier

Na

Fluid balance, nerve impulses + muscle function (water)

Hypernaternia

Dehydration ;Thirst , dry membrane, confusion , agitation, seizures

Hyponatremia

Fluid overload/ sodium loss ; headache , confusion, nausea, seizures

K

Cardiac Rhythm, Muscles Contractions, nerve function (heart)

Hyperkalemia

Dangerous arrhythmias, weakness, peaked T waves, cardiac arrest, St elevation

Hypokalemia

Muscle weakness/cramps, Arrhythmias, fatigue

Cl

Works with Na for fluid balance, maintains acid-base balance

Hyperchloremia

Metabolic acidosis, dehydration, weakness, deep breathing

Hypochloremia

Metabolic acidosis, Vomiting, NG suction, muscle cramps

HCO3 (Bicarbonate)

Main buffer, controls blood pH

High HCO3

metabolic alkalosis; hypoventilation, confusion, muscle twitching

Low HCO3

metabolic acidosis; kussmaul respirations, fatigue, low LOC

kussmaul respirations

a deep, rapid, and labored breathing pattern, often described as "air hunger," that signals severe metabolic acidosis, most commonly from diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also from kidney failure or toxins

BUN

waste product from protein metabolism, reflects kidney function + hydration (kidneys)

High BUN

Dehydration, renal failure, GI Bleed

Low BUN

Overhydration , Liver disease, malnutrition

Cr

Muscle Waste product, best indicator of kidney function (Kidneys)

High Cr

Renal Impairment/failure, nephotoxic drugs, dehydration

Low Cr

loss of muscle mass, malnutrition (not usually concerning)

Glucose

Energy source for brain + cells (Brain)

Hyperglycemia

Polyuria, polydispia, fatigue, DKA/HHS risk

Hypoglycemia

sweaty, shaky, confused, headache, seizures, LOC

WBC

Immune Defence (fight infection)

Leukocytosis (High WBC)

Infection, Inflammation , stress, steroids

Leukopenia (Low WBC)

Bone marrow suppression, chemo, increase risk of infection

Hgb

Carries Oxygen in RBCs

High Hgb

Dehydration, polycythemia, chronic hypoxia

polycythemia

a condition where the blood has too many red blood cells, making it thick and increasing the risk of dangerous blood clots, strokes, and heart attacks

chronic hypoxia

a prolonged state where the body's tissues don't receive enough oxygen, often due to underlying conditions like COPD or sleep apnea, leading to adaptive changes and potential organ damage, especially to the heart, brain, and muscles, manifesting as shortness of breath, fatigue, and cognitive issues.

Hct

% of blood made of RBCs

High Hct

Dehydration, polycythemia

Low Hct

Anemia, blood loss, over hydration

Plt

Clot formation (Stop Bleeding)

Thromboytosis

Inflammation, iron deficiency, Increase clot risk

Thrombocytopnia

Bleeding risk, bruising, petechiae, bleeding/ hemorrhage risk

Total/Direct Bili

Breaks down products of RBCs, processed by Liver, excretea in bite

High Total/Direct Bili

jaundice, Liver disease, bite duct obstruction, hemolysis

hemolysis

The breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), a normal process for old cells, but becomes a medical concern when it happens prematurely, leading to hemolytic anemia if the body can't keep up with new cell production

Low Total/Direct Bili and Low ALT

Not clinically significant

AST

Enzyme in liver, heart muscles ; released when cells are damaged

High AST

Liver injury, muscle injury, MI

ALP

found in bile ducts + bone

High ALP

biliary, liver injury/toxicity (alcohol/meds)

Low ALP

Malnutrition, rarely significant

ALT

Enzyme mostly in liver, more specific to liver damage

High ALT

Hepatitis , liver injury/ toxicity (Alcohol, meds)

Ca

Bone + teeth strength , muscle contractions , nerve transmission

HyperCalcemia

Kidney stones, weakness, low reflexes, constipation, cardiac arrhythmias

HypoCalemia

Tingling, tetany, muscle spams, seizures, arrhythmias , Positive Chvostek/Trousseau

Mg

Regulates neuromuscular function, cardiac rhythm, affects calcium + potassium

Hypermagnesemia

Low reflexes, hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory distress

Hypomagnesemia

Tremors, hyperreflexia, arrhytrhmias, often causes low Ca + K

phos

Energy (ATP), bone formation, acid- base balance

Hyperphsophatemia

Kidney failure, calcificaation, tetany, leads to low calcium

Hypophosphatemia

Muscle weakness, confusion, respiratory failure

PT

extrinsic pathway of coagulation , dependent on vitamin K ; monitors warfarin

High PT

Bleeding risk, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, warfarin therapy

Low PT or Low PTT

Clotting risk

PTT

Intrinsic pathway of coagulation ; monitors heparin

High PTT

Bleeding risk, coagulation disorders, heparin therapy

INR

Standardized PT, so results are comparable

High INR

High Bleeding risk, liver dysfuction, too much warfarin

Low INR

Clot risk, not enough warfarin