Augmented feedback and reinforcement

Augmented feedback

describes information about a performance that supplements sensory feedback and comes from a source external to the performer; it is sometimes referred to as extrinsic or external feedback

Task Intrinsic Feedback (naturally available)

visual, auditory, proprioceptive, and tacticle

Knowledge of Results (KR)

Gives info about the outcome of an attempt

Knowledge of Performance (KP)

Gives info about movement characteristics that led to a performance outcome

Difference between KR and KP

Knowledge of Results (KR) focuses on the outcome of a performance, while Knowledge of Performance (KP) emphasizes the quality of movement and execution that contributed to that outcome.

KR examples

• A basketball player receives feedback on whether their shot went in or missed

• A dart player is informed of how many darts hit the target versus how many missed.

KP examples

• A coach tells a swimmer to improve their stroke technique to enhance speed.

• A gymnast receives feedback on their alignment during a routine, which may affect their score

Augmented feedback importance

depends on the skill being learned

the person learning the skill

stage of learning

Aug feedback essential to learning skill if:

• Sensory information is unavailable.

• Learner has impaired sensory pathways.

• Lack of experience hampers the use of intrinsic feedback

Aug feedback may not be needed if:

• Skill has a clear external reference.

• Modeling is present.

• Task intrinsic feedback is sufficient.

Aug feedback may enhance skill if acquisition if:

• Coordinated multi-limb movements.

• Rapid learning of simpler tasks.

Aug feedback my hinder learning if:

• Feedback becomes a crutch.

• Feedback is incorrect.

• Feedback is provided at the same time with performance.

Classical conditioning

Reflexive behavior elicited through repeated pairings with antecedent cues

Classical conditioning example

includes Pavlov's dogs, where a bell sound was paired with food leading to salivation.

Instrumental conditioning

Voluntary behavior learned by pairing it with consequent reinforcement

Instrumental conditioning example

A dog receiving a cookie for performing a trick.

Stimulus response theory (BF skinner)

Explains how people learn new behaviors

Stimulus response theory events

• positive reinforcement

• negative reinforcement

• punishment

• extinction

Positive reinforcement

Rewards that increase behavior frequency (intrinsic or extrinsic). ex: Feeling accomplished after completing a task

Negative reinforcement

Withdrawal of aversive stimuli increases behavior frequency. ex: Exercising to reduce back pain.

Punishment

Presenting aversive stimuli to reduce behavior likelihood. ex: Running sprints for mistakes in sports.

Extinction

Discontinuing reinforcement leads to decreased behaviors. ex: Stopping exercise when weight loss ceases.

Differences between classical and operant conditioning in motor learning

While classical conditioning helps establish reflexive responses, operant conditioning emphasizes the role of consequences in shaping voluntary behaviors

Limits of stimulus response theory

Fails to account for cognitive factors like expectations, perceived control, and value of reinforcement.

Demonstrations

or feedback provided verbally to guide performance and enhance skill acquisition.

Cognitive meditation theory

1. Attention

2. Retention

3. Behavior Reproduction

4. Motivation

verbal cues importance

Concise phrases that direct attention and prompt movement components.

Verbal cues application

• During demonstrations to guide focus.

• As prompts to reinforce correct performance.

• Post-performance feedback to enhance skill.