Module 4: respiratory system DBA

flow of blood thru the heart

1- deoxygenated blood from the vena cavas enters the right atrium

2- thru the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

3- thru the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries (which go to the lungs)

4- thru the pulmonary veins to the left atrium

5- thru the mitral valve into the left ventricle

6- thru the aortic valve, through the aorta out to the rest of the body

pathway of air thru the respiratory system

1- enters thru nose

2- thru the pharynx and larynx

3- enters the bronchi

4- enters into the right/left lungs

5- travels to the bronchioles

6- gas exchange of the oxygen into the blood happens with the alveoli

steps of gas exchange (transport?) in the lungs

1- oxygen uptake

2- CO2 production

3- CO2 transport

4- oxygen delivery

oxygen uptake

oxygen diffuses across the aveolar membrane and binds to hemoglobin

oxygen delivery

in areas with lower oxygen concentration, hemoglobin releases oxygen

CO2 transport

CO2 is released from hemoglobin, diffuses across the alveolar membrane and is released from the body

CO2 production

CO2 produced by cells binds to hemoglobin

hemoglobin

protein that binds to things

contains a heme group w/ nitrogen and iron

S1 heart sound

“Lub”

- made by the closing of the valves that connect the atria and ventricles in the left and right side

- is used to measure pulse

• comes first

S2 heart sound

“Dub”

- made from the closing of the valves that connect the heart to the pulmonary artery or aorta

- just indicates how well the chambers, valves, and vessels are functioning

murmur heart sound

caused when blood doesn’t flow as it should due to a possible blockage or a heart valve not opening correctly.

- whooshing sound

plasma

• The liquid part of the blood that makes up 55% of blood’s volume, consists mainly of water

• substances dissolve in it (salts, nutrients, proteins, glucose, oxygen, and wastes) and it can help transport them

red blood cells

• “erythrocytes”

• 2 million made every second, have carbohydrates covering their surfaces, have hemoglobin

• carry oxygen from lungs to other cells/organs

• carry CO2 to the lungs for exhalation

white blood cells

• “leukocytes”

• help body fight diseases, and can move thru blood vessels into body tissues to fight infections

• much larger, less numerous

platelets

• key role in blood clotting

• consist of cell fragments

• weave a net across an injury (prevent blood loss and promote healing)

Anemia

condition where the body doesn’t produce enough red blood cells, causing the body to get less oxygen.

symptoms- tiredness, headaches, coldness, painful bones and joints

treatments- supplements, transfusions, medications

Factor V Leiden- blood disorder

disorder caused by a genetic mutation, that increases the risk of large clots

treatment- regular testing, medications to reduce clotting rates, and even placing a filter in to protect the heart & lungs from moving clots

Leukemia

a type of cancer that affects the blood, characterized by the overproduction of abnormal blood cells (rapid growth), and that starts in the bone marrow.

treatment- chemotherapy, blood/bone marrow transfusions, radiation

atherosclerosis

a narrowing of the arteries due to an accumulation of plaque

myocardial infraction

blockage of blood to the heart due to a buildup of plaque or a piece of plaque getting lodged in smaller arteries, HEART ATTACK, complete blockage

stroke

formation of blood clots due to heredity, injury or medications that can cause blockages

• leading to a disruption of blood flow to the brain/ a vessel in the brain bursts

aortic disease

weakened walls of aorta due to injury or genetics

• can result in an aneurysm, which can rupture

coronary artery disease

buildup in the vessels that can occur at any age due to diet choices and heredity

peripheral artery disease

similar to stroke but mostly in lower limbs

myocardial ischemia

a partial blockage, reduced blood flow to the heart due to a build up of plaque or a piece of plaque getting lodged in smaller arteries

hypertension

higher than normal blood pressure

congestive heart failure

the heart is unable to pump enough blood through the body

COPD

• progressive condition, by persistent airflow limitation

• results from long-term exposure to irritants

• leads to coughing, shortness of breath, and reduced lung function

asthma

• chronic condition that causes the airways to become inflamed and narrowed

• recurrent episodes of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing

cystic fibrosis

• genetic disorder

  • causes the production of thick sticky mucus that blocks airways

• can also affect the digestive tract