Studied by 12 people
the Urals
runs North to South through western Russia, separates from Europe
temperate zone
adequate rainfall, moderate winters
modern
what is recent or current (civilizations want equality, justice, change)
ancient
everything prior to the European Middle Ages
Indo-European languages
spoken by the newcomers to Europe in the Iron Age
Greek city-states
small Greek cities with independent governments
Socrates
philosopher who invented the idea of asking questions
Plato
philosopher who wrote "Republic", studied best type of government, idealist
Aristotle
philosopher who focused on math and science, wrote "Politics', realist
Herodotus
"Father of history", made history distinct from myth and legend
classical virtues
created by the Greeks; ideal in moderation; balance, clarity, control, order, balance
Greek philosophy
helped revolutionize medicine, written language, science, math, astronomy, etc
"orbis terrarum"
Rome was the center, around which lay all of the known lands (at least for the West); 'circle of lands'
"pax Romana"
the long period of peace in Rome and minimal expansion by the Roman military
natural laws
no custom is right, higher law, everyone will accept because it is derived from human nature and logic
Paul
early leader of Christianity after Jesus was crucified; born a Jew, a Roman citizen, lived with Greek culture
Constantine
the first Roman Emperor to embrace Christianity; created a second capital city, Constantinople
St. Augustine
wrote "City of God"
'City of God'
written about the two cities- one on Earth and one in heaven; by St. Augustine
Caesaropapism
the political system in which on person holds the powers of ruler and pontiff
Rhine-Danube frontier
rivers that separate Europe from East to West
Constantinople
the second capital city, founded by Emperor Constantine
"barbarians'
people who spoke neither Greek nor Latin and were not ruled by the Romans
Byzantine Empire
had Greek culture/language and Christianity; included the Asia Minor Peninsula, the Balkan Peninsula and parts of Italy
Islam
religion based on Muhammad; studies from the Qur'an; believes in one God (Allah)
Muhammad
an Islamic prophet who began receiving a series of religious revelations in his forties and moved to Medina to begin teaching the religion
Qur'an
the religious text of Islam, organized into 114 chapters (suras)
Sunnis and Shiites
factions of the Islamic religion who had differing views on who should be chosen to be Caliph
Latin Christendom
the 'leftover' pieces of Europe that the Byzantine Empire couldn't hold and the Arabs couldn't conquer; chaotic and hectic
trial by ordeal/trial by battle
way to test one's guiltiness by throwing them in water and seeing if they float or forcing someone to battle it out
St. Benedict
wrote the rules for monks to follow
St. Peter
the first apostle; murdered in Rome
"Petrine Supremacy"
the spiritual authority St. Peter had transferred from himself to his Roman bishop successors
Donation of Constantine
forged document that said Emperor Constantine gave political control of Rome to the Bishop
Aix-la-Chapelle/Aachen
the new capital of Western Europe selected by Charlemagne
Magyars
'Hungarians' who terrified parts of Europe before settling on the middle Danube
Norsemen/Vikings/Danes
Germanic tribes (from Scandanavia) that reached Kiev in Russiaa, discovered Iceland, and touched America
Great Schism of East and West
Greek patriarchs refused to accept the Roman bishop was supreme and the Roman pope refused to acknowledege the political claims by the Byzantine Empire; divided the Christian world into Latin/Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox
secular
non-religious
High Middle Ages
brought an increase in population, feudalism, new towns, more commerce, national monarchies, and the omnipresent church;after the Early Middle Ages
three-field system
agricultural fields divided into three, two were planted and one was not, to prevent soil exhaustion
vassal
any land owning person (not peasants)
manor
the estate of a lord
serf
the peasants who worked on the manor
Hugh Capet
chosen by the great lords of France to be king in 987; his descendants held the throne for 8 centuries
Duke of Normandy
(1066) imposed feudalism on the civilians; offered stability and peace to his people
Flanders
in current Belgium; emerged with woolen cloth that could not be found/duplicated anywhere else
'law merchant'
dealt with moneychanging, bills, debt, invoicing, bankruptcy, etc, for the merchants
town charters/liberties
gave the rights to towns to have their own governements, officials, courts, and pay taxes in place of feudalistic exchanges
imperial free cities
cities that obtained less independence but received charters of liberties from the king
Hanseatic League (Hanse)
German towns that banded together, fought under its own banner, and dominated commerce along the Baltic and North seas until 1300
tariffs
taxes put on the goods sold in a town that were originally from a different town
guilds
craftsmen/merchants formed associations in each town that ensured all work was done well
Magna Carta
(1215) King John was forced to sign this to confirm/guarantee the rights of the English lords, high churchmen, and repressentatives from London who confronted him
three estates
the clergy
noble/military class
burgher class (your average joes)
Parliament
evolved from town representatives, chief retainers and others having important talks with the king into the two-house system
House of Commons
nobles, landowwners, representatives from the town worked together to strengthen middle class
Holy Roman Empire
created in 962; endowed with the mission to protect and preserve the Christian faith
the cluniacs
members of the monastery in Cluny, France; believed the clergy should be free from temporal/moral distractions
Gregory VII
one of the first popes elected by cardinals; his ideal was a world that was church officered by a disciplined and single-minded clergy, centralized under a single authority
AP EURO IS AWESOME
my fingers are cramping up so badlyy right now because of this small ipad keyboard i am forced to use. thx euro!!!!
Henry IV
a Holy Roman Empire Emperor; clashed with Pope Gregory on the subject of lay investiture, and was excommunicated; he sought forgiveness and was welcomed back to the church
excommunication
forbiding all priests to administer the sacraments to someone, thereby cutting them out of thee church
sacraments
the outward sign of an inward grace; seven of them
'to go to Canossa'
a byword for submitting to the will of Rome
Innocent III
pope from 1198-1216; believed Gregory VII's dream of an united Europe; intervened in many politics
heresy
doctrine at variance with that of the church at large
Fourth Lateran Council
called by Innocent in 1215; 500 bishops and the patriarchs of Constantinople and Jerusalem labored to find a solution to the problem of keeping the clergy clean from worldly temptations
dogma
common belief of the church, in which all the faithful share and must share, so long as they are members of the church
transubstantiation
in Mass, the priest converts the bread and wine into Christ's body and blood
(Peter) Abelard
wrote 'Yes or No', a collection of inconsistent statements from fathers of the church; asked that we apply logic to the knowledge of the church
Anselm
wrote 'Why Did God Become Man?' which gave reasons for why God took human form to save sinful humans
'Summa Theologica'
a survey of all knowledge; written by Thomas Aquinas, which proved that thinking/logic and religion can coexist without falsifying the church
Urban II
the pope who preached of the first crusade
reconquista
the last Muslim outpost is destroyed in 1492 (in Grenada, Spain) by the Iberian Christians
Note 
Flashcard (22)