Psychology AOS1

The CNS is made up of the __________ and __________.

brain and spinal cord.

The PNS is made up of __________ outside the CNS.

all the nerves.

The sympathetic nervous system is dominant in response to __________ and __________.

perceived threats and stressful stimuli.

The __________ nervous system carries sensory information to the CNS.

somatic.

Neurons communicate via a process called __________.

neurotransmission.

__________ neurotransmitters increase the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire.

Excitatory.

The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system is __________.

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

The first stage of the GAS model when one first becomes aware of the stressor is known as ———————-

Alarm reaction.

An __________ response is a response that requires energy and input from the CNS.

Conscious.

The process of maintaining a balanced internal state is known as __________.

homeostasis.

__________ is a type of stress characterized by a negative psychological state.

Distress.

__________ is characterized by a positive psychological state.

Eustress.

During the resistance stage of GAS, physiological arousal remains __________ normal levels.

above.

The __________ stage of GAS involves the body being unable to sustain resistance.

Exhaustion.

The __________ model of stress focuses on the individual's evaluation of stressors.

Transactional.

The __________ nervous system directly connects the gut to the brain.

Enteric.

The process of __________ involves the elimination of weak synaptic connections.

pruning.

__________ is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.

Glutamate.

__________ response involves the immobilization of the body in the face of danger.

Freeze.

In the context of stress, __________ refers to the cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage stressors.

Coping.

Two types of strategies for coping with stress are __________ and __________.

Approach and Avoidance.

Neurotransmitters are contained in small sacs known as __________ within the terminal buttons.

synaptic vesicles.

The __________ nervous system controls the body's internal environment in a self-regulating manner.

autonomic.

The __________ stage of the GAS model includes shock and countershock.

Alarm Reaction.

__________ is a bidirectional communication link between the central and enteric nervous systems.

Gut-Brain Axis.

_______ is any response to nervous system that does not require awareness

Unconscious responses

______________ are an involuntary and unconscious response to a stimuli involving the spinal cord and occurs without input from the brain

Spinal reflexes

• ________ - afferent neurons: which transmit information from the body to the brain 

• ________ - efferent neurons: which transmit information from brain to body 

  _________ : which communicate between sensory and motor neurons 

• sensory

• motor

• interneurons

Neurons communicate via a process called _______ which uses _______________

Neurotransmission, electrochemical energy

_______________ are specialised chemical messengers. They transmit information from one neuron to the next 

Neurotransmitters

Relatively permanent strengthening of synaptic connections resulting from repeated activation of a neural pathway

Long term potentiation

Repeatedly lower levels of activity in a neural pathway and  involves relatively permanent weakening of synaptic connections

Long term depression

_______ is the creation of new extensions on a neuron to allow it to make new connections with other neurons.

Sprouting

_______ occurs when new connections are made between neurons to create alternate neural pathways 

Rerouting

______ is the elimination of weak, ineffective or unused synapses (and therefore connections to other neurons) 

Pruning

stress that lasts for a relatively short time

Acute

stress that continues for a long time

Chronic

A bidirectional (two way) communication link between the central and enteric nervous systems 

Gut-brain axis

Subdivision of autonomic nervous system and the two way communication that occurs between the enteric nervous system and the CNS and happens via the vagus nerve and gut microbiota

Enteric nervous system

evaluation of stress

• irrelevant

• stressful

• benign positive

primary appraisals

• harm/loss

• threat

• challenge

secondary apprasials