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Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass; can be a solid, liquid, or gas.
Mass
Amount of matter a substance contains.
Weight
Force of gravity acting on an object with mass.
Volume
How much space an object takes up.
Element
A substance made up of only one type of atom.
Atom
The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of a single element.
Ion
A particle with a positive or negative charge due to the gain or loss of electrons.
Cation
A positively charged atom.
Anion
A negatively charged atom.
Shells
Sections where electrons orbit the atom, filling inner shells first.
Ionic Bond
A bond formed when an atom transfers an electron to another atom.
Covalent Bond
A bond formed when atoms share electrons.
Polar
Having two opposite charges.
Polar Covalent Bond
A covalent bond with an uneven distribution of electrons.
Non-polar Covalent Bond
A covalent bond with an even distribution of electrons.
Cohesion
The tendency of water molecules to stick to each other.
Adhesion
The tendency of water molecules to stick to other substances.
Chemical Reactions
Processes influenced by concentration and temperature.
Synthetic Reactions
Reactions where two or more atoms combine to form a larger molecule.
Decomposition Reaction
A reaction where a larger compound breaks down into smaller compounds.
Exchange Reaction
A reaction involving the exchange of components between atoms without changing size.
Organic Compounds
Large, complex molecules that always contain carbon and C-C or C-H bonds.
Inorganic Compounds
Smaller molecules that lack carbon and do not have C-C or C-H bonds.
Solute
A substance that dissolves within another substance.
Solvent
A liquid that dissolves a solute.
Solution
The end-product of a solute dissolved in a solvent.
Universal Solvent
Water, which can dissolve many substances.
Water-soluble
The ability to dissolve readily in water.
Lipid-soluble
The ability to dissolve readily in lipids.
True Solutions
Solutions where smaller solute sizes do not settle over time.
Colloidal Solutions
Solutions with larger solutes that do not settle over time.
Suspension Solutions
Solutions where the largest solutes settle over time.
Acids
Substances that dissociate into hydrogen ions and are proton donors.
Bases
Substances that dissociate into hydroxide ions and are proton acceptors.
Salts
Substances that dissociate into cations and anions but not into hydrogen or hydroxide.
pH Scale
Measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
Neutral pH
A pH of 7.0, considered neither acidic nor basic.
Buffers
Substances that maintain a neutral pH and can neutralize acids and bases.
Organic Compound Groups
Four basic groups including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Monosaccharides
The building blocks of carbohydrates.
Disaccharides
Formed by combining two monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides
Formed by combining many monosaccharides.
Hydrophobic
Insoluble in water and typically repels water.
Neutral Fats
Common lipids in blood, known as triglycerides.
Phospholipids
Molecules with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail that make up cell membranes.
Steroids
Lipid compounds with various functions in the body.
Cholesterol
The most common steroid in the body.
Amino Acids
The monomers of proteins.
Functions of Proteins
Include structural support, regulatory support, immunological functions, transportation, and catalytic functions.
Enzymes
Protein-based substances that activate processes using a lock-and-key mechanism.
Nucleotides
The monomers of nucleic acids, including adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, and thymine.
Functions of Nucleic Acids
Carry out metabolic functions on a biosynthetic level.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, the 'energy currency' of all living organisms.
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