Slide 4

Matter - Anything that occupies space and has mass. It can be a solid, liquid, or gas

Mass - Amount of matter a substance contains

Weight - Force of gravity acting on an object with mass

Volume - How much space an object takes up

Slide 5

All matter can be made up of one or more elements, but each element will only have one type of atom.

Slide 6

List of common elements you should recognize

Na - Sodium

K - Potassium

Cl - Chlorine

H - Hydrogen

C - Carbon

O - Oxygen

Mg - Magnesium

Hg - Mercury

Fe - Iron

N - Nitrogen Ca - Calcium

Slide 8

Atom - The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of a single element

• Atoms consists of neutrons, protons (+), and electrons (-)

Slide 9

Ion - Any particle with a positive or negative charge due to the gain or loss of electrons

Cation - positive-charged atom

Anion - negative-charged atom

Slide 11

• Electrons orbit the atom in a section referred to as 'shells'. Electrons will always try to fill the inner shells first.

• The outer shell always wants to be fully 'satisfied' by being either completely filled or entirely empty.

Slide 12

Ionic Bond—When an atom transfers an electron to another, this forms an ionic bond. One atom loses an electron, and the other gains an electron.

Slide 15

Covalent Bond - When an atom shares electrons with another atom. Both atoms are gaining electrons, and neither is losing electrons.

Slide 16

Polar - Having two opposite charges.

Polar Covalent Bond - A covalent bond with an uneven distribution of electrons.

This makes one side positive and one side negative.

Non-polar Covalent Bond - A covalent bond with an even distribution of electrons.

This makes both sides (usually) negative.

Slide 17

• Because water molecules form polar covalent bonds, they have a tendency to stick to each other. This is the concept of cohesion and adhesion.

Slide 20

• The two main factors that influence the formation of chemical reactions are concentration and temperature.

Slide 21

Synthetic Reactions - Occur when two or more atoms combine to form a new and larger molecule. This means that several smaller compounds are combined to form a larger compound.

Slide 22

Decomposition Reaction - This occurs when two or more atoms combine to form a new and larger molecule. This means that a larger compound is breaking down into several smaller compounds.

Slide 24

Exchange Reaction - A combination of decomposition and synthetic reactions. This involves two or more atoms that exchange their components without becoming larger or smaller.

Slide 27

Organic compounds are:

• Usually large and complex molecules

• Always contains carbon

• Contains C-C or C-H bonds

• Usually bonded via covalent bonds

• E.g. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and ATP.

Inorganic compounds are:

• Smaller molecules

• Lacks carbon (rare)

• Does not have C-C or C-H bonds

• Usually bonded via ionic bonds

• E.g. water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, many salts, acids, and bases

Slide 28

Solute - any substance that dissolves within another substance

Solvent - any liquid that dissolves a solute

Solution - the end-product of a solute dissolved in a solvent.

Slide 30

• Water is the universal solvent

Slide 31

Water-soluble - The ability to readily dissolve in the presence of water.

Lipid-soluble - The ability to readily dissolve in the presence of lipids.

Slide 32

True solutions - Smaller solute size will not settle over time.

Colloidal solutions - Larger solutes than true solutions, but they still will not settle over time.

Suspension solutions: The largest solutes will settle over time, falling to the bottom of the container.

Slide 35

Acids:

• Will dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions (Ht)

• Will dissociate into one or more anions (negative ions)

• Are proton donors

Bases:

• Will dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-)

• Will dissociate into one or more cations (positive ions)

• Are proton acceptors

Slide 36

Salts:

• Will not dissociate into either hydrogen nor hydroxide

• Will dissociate into cations and anions

Slide 39

• The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.

• 7.0 is a neutral pH.

• Any number higher than 7.0 is considered alkaline or basic.

• Any number lower than 7.0 is considered acidic.

• Normal blood pH is ~ 7.4

Slide 40

Buffers - Substances that maintain a neutral pH level and can neutralize acids and bases.

• Bicarbonate is the most important buffer of the body.

Slide 42

• The four basic organic compound groups are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Slide 43

Monosaccharides - Building blocks of carbohydrates

Disaccharides - Formed by combining two monosaccharides

Polysaccharides - Formed by combining many monosaccharides

Slide 44

Hydrophobic - Insoluble in the presence of water. Also, it typically repels or is repelled by water.

Slide 45

Neutral fats (triglycerides) - A most common type of lipid in your blood. Has many functions that were not discussed specifically.

Slide 47

• Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

• Phospholipids make up the cell membrane.

• This membrane is selective and can control what passes through.

Slide 48

Steroids - Lipid compounds with a wide range of functions generally help most processes in the body.

Cholesterol - The most common steroid in the body and one of the most important.

Slide 49

Slide 51

• Enzymes are protein-based substances that activate and processed by using a lock and-key mechanism.

Slide 52

Slide 54+55

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - The 'energy currency' of all living’. This is the equivalent of how electricity can power a device.