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Developmental Psychology
the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children, a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
Zygote
the fertilized egg; single cell
Embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month: Week 2-8 (3rd month of pregnancy)amniocentesis can be performed
Fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions
Teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Rooting Reflex
a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
Maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Assimilation
interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
Accommodation
adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Sensorimotor Stage
1st stage in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Object Permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived, developed at 2 years of age
Stranger Anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
Attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
Critical Period
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development, develops familiarity and contactF
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
Basic Trust
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
Self-Concept
a sense of one's identity and personal worth.
Preoperational Stage
2nd stage in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Conservation
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
Theory of Mind
developed in stage 2, people's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
Kissing up to dad because you think he might be mad
Concrete Operational Stage
3rd stage in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events, conservation is developed
Habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
Formal Operational Stage
4th stage in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12-end of life) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Autism
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
Adolescence
teenage years, the time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood
Puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
Primary Sex Characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
Identity
one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
Menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
Alzheimer's Disease
an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning
Cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are tested or observed at the same point in time.
Longitudinal Study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long time period.
Crystallized Intelligence
one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Fluid Intelligence
one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
Social Identity
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
amniocentesis
Test of prenatal fluids for chromosomal abnormalities, optional
germinal stage
2 week period beginning at conception, rapid cell division, develops into embryo
ovum
Women's egg
sperm
Male sex cell that fertilizes and enters ovum
Babinski Reflex
When bottom of the foot is stroked toes fan outwards
Moro Reflex
When baby feels sensation falling they stick arms and legs out
walking reflex
Babies try to walk when stood up
dementia
Decline in mental processes
neurological development
Most rapid brain development occurs during first five years
cognitive development
Developed by Jean Piaget, stages of development and early childhood psychology
adolescent cognitive development
-reasoning power -frontal lobe is developing -conservation is developed -egocentrism is no longer an issue
Permissive Parenting
makes few demands and uses little if any punishment, overemphasizes short term instead of long term happiness, child often becomes spoiled
Hands Off Parenting
very uninvolved, doesn't care, Parent allows child to learn through experience
Authoritarian
strict parents who impose rules and expect obedience without any reason
Authoritative
Most effective parenting style, demanding and responsive parenting. Exert control by setting rules and enforcing them but explain reasoning
secure attachment
Indicative of authoritative parenting style, 70% of infants, distressed when mom leaves happy when she comes back
Ambivalent attachment
Indicative of authoritarian parenting style,distressed when separated from the caregiver but does not feel reassured when the caregiver returns, 15%
avoidant attachment
Indicative of hands off parenting style, doesn't care about mom and is equally comfortable with a stranger, 15%
harry harlow
Performed surrogate monkey experiment
surrogate monkey experiment
found that the baby monkeys preferred to cling to the terry cloth surrogate even when food was provided by the wire surrogate, comfort and stability over food
Lawrence Kohlberg's Moral Development
3 levels of morality: Pre conventional morality, conventional morality, postconventional morality
pre conventional morality
Before age 9, children act out of self interest (not wanting to get in trouble)
conventional morality
Begins in early adolescence; children cares for others and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are the laws and rules (social approval)
post conventional morality
Follows own set of ethical principles, only select few reach this level of morality (MLK, Ghandi, Hitler)
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