13/14 - Attraction + Intimacy

What are the situational influences that affect why we like someone? (4)

Proximity, Exposure, Positive associations, Misattribution of arousal

What matters more in how proximity influences why we like someone: physical distance or functional distance?

Functional distance

Effects of proximity are found to be the most effective between ___ age and racial groups

Different

What is defined as “the more you’re exposed to something, the more you tend to like it”?

Mere Exposure Effect

True or false: The mere exposure effect can make you like something you previously disliked

False

What aspects does the other person have that can lead to you liking them? (3)

Similarity, physical attractiveness, reciprocal liking

True or False: Opposites attract has no merit whatsoever

False

The similarity of couples are strongest for ___ characteristics and less strong for ____ characteristics

Demographic/physical; personality

What is the tendency for people to seek out others with characteristics different from their own?

Complementarity

What is defined as “romantic attraction increases when 2 people offer each other elevated status where they themselves are lacking”?

Status exchange hypothesis

True or false: attractive criminals get lesser sentences

True

True or false: Unattractive people are more well-liked because they rely on their personality instead of looks for relationships

False

What is the strongest predictor for wanting to see a first-date again?

Attractiveness

If romantic partners have been dating for a long time, is attractiveness more or less important?

Less

Why do we like attractive people? (3)

Physical attractiveness, halo effect, behaviour

True or false: We find unique, individual faces more beautiful because they are less common 

False

“What is beautiful is good” stereotype

Halo effect

In what culture type are attractive people assumed to be more generous, sensitive, and empathetic?

Interdependent

True or false: The halo effect has some merit to it

True

Attractiveness is more important in determining ____ life outcomes than ____

Women; men

Despite gender and culture, participants in a global study rated kindness and intelligence as ____ important than attractiveness or earning potential

More

To produce quality offspring, women and men should look for a partner with ____ characteristics

Different

In societies with greater gender inequality, ____ patterns are stronger

Traditional

True or false: Married people are less likely to be victims of crimes

True

Loneliness is ____

Contagious and cyclical

True or false: The effects of social isolation on mortality is equal to the effect of obesity

False

What hypothesis is supported more: displacement or stimulation?

Equal

What is defined as when social media replaces offline, face-to-face interactions and thus increases loneliness?

Displacement hypothesi

What is defined as online interaction strengthening existing relationships and help feed off loneliness?

Stimulation hypothesis

In studying monkeys, infant monkeys preferred what type of mother?

Cloth mother

Why are we happy/unhappy in our relationships? (2)

Previous experience and equity

What theory occurs when our early relationships with caregivers shape our relationships for the rest of our lives?

Attachment theory

True or false: Attachment theory is not empirically supported

False

What are the main infant attachment styles? (3)

Secure, avoidant, anxious/ambivalent

What infant attachment style occurs when the caregiver is inconsistently available/responsive?

Anxious/ambivalent

What infant attachment style is happening if the infant is less inclined to seek out caregiver and may reject attention?

Avoidant

True or false: Attachment styles stay consistent throughout your life

False

What adult attachment style seeks the most support from their partners?

Secure

What adult attachment style is self-reliant and struggles with closeness?

Avoidant

What adult attachment style is characterized by being hypervigilant for signs of rejection?

Anxious/ambivalent

What theory helps us understand how too many rewards and too few costs in a relationship can feel unfair?

Equity theory

What theory requires the ratio of rewards and costs between partners to be approx equal?

Equity theory

What type of relationship occurs when one person feels responsible for the other and sharing a “common” identity?

Communal

True or false: Communal relationships are more common in Western countries

False

What theory explains relationship satisfaction as being motivated to maximize rewards we get from it?

Social exchange theory

What type of relationship is trade-based and often short-term?

Exchange

How do people evaluate the rewards/costs of different relationships? (2)

Comparison level + comparison level for alternatives

What explains relationship satisfaction through the expectations people have about what they should get our of a relationship?

Comparison level

What explains relationship satisfaction through the outcomes people think they get out of other relationships?

Comparison level for alternative

What categories of love are there? (3)

Companionate, compassionate, and romantic

What type of love do you experience with friends and family?

Companionate

What type of love is explained as monitoring and responding to another person’s needs?

Compassionate

Romantic love is also known as _____ love

Passionate

True or false: Increasing time together can reduce a couple’s sense of intimacy because they need breaks from one another sometimes

False

What % of first marriages in the U.S. end in separation/divorce?

40-50%

True or false: Marriages are less satisfying today than they were 30 years ago

True

What parts of the body are influenced by marital conflict?

Adrenal and pituitary

People from a ____ SES are more likely to divorce

Lower

What are the predictors of dissatisfaction/divorce? (3)

Personality, demographic factors, and age

True or false: Couples who married young are more likely to stay together longer

False

Why do our relationships stay together or fall apart? (2)

Commitment and relationship maintenance

What relationship model explains commitment as increasing when the relationship provides more + than - events?

Investment model of commitment

What are the 4 horsemen of apocalypse?

Criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling

What is the strongest predictor of divorce rates?

Contempt

What type of relationship discord is linked to muscuoloskeletal symptoms over time?

Stonewalling

True or false: Couples engaging in everyday, mundane activities experience an increase in relationship satisfaction

False

What is defined as “seeing imperfect partners in more idealized ways predicts stable, satisfying relationships and decreases in conflict”?

Positive illusion

What is defined as “seeking additional enhancement of positive events by sharing good news with others”?

Capitalization

True or false: Western countries participate in capitalization more than Eastern countries

True

If your partner said “that’s great” in response to your achievement, showing genuine interest, what is this an example of?

Active-constructive responding

If your partner gave a calm response: “hmm… that sounds nice” to your achievement, what is this an example of?

Passive-constructive responding

If your partner point out downsides to your achievements (“Won’t that mean more work in the future?”), this is an example of what?

Active-deconstructive responding

If your partner shows a general disinterest in your achievement, giving a noncommittal “hmmm” and then changes the topic, what is this an example of?

Passive-deconstructive responding