EASA HPL CH2

In EASA HPL, what does competency consist of?

Knowledge + Skill + Attitude (KSA)

Name three characteristics of a skilled pilot.

Practices regularly; self-manages; keeps resources in reserve for the unexpected

What is the approximate accident rate per airport movements?

Approximately 1 per 1,000,000 airport movements

What percentage of accidents are crew-related?

70–80%

What is the main crew-related factor in accidents?

Poor judgment

Are accidents usually caused by a single factor?

Rarely; usually multiple factors contribute

Which system introduced in the 1980s reduced hull-loss accidents?

GPWS (Ground Proximity Warning System)

What does flight safety involve?

Theory, investigation, classification and prevention of incidents/accidents

Who is responsible for flight safety?

Responsibility is shared across the aviation industry

In complex organisations, who is responsible for safety?

Safety Manager and Safety Review Board

What does TEM stand for?

Threat & Error Management

What are the components of the SHEL model?

Software; Hardware; Environment; Liveware (pilot); Liveware (others)

In the SHEL model, what does "Software" include?

Checklists and warning systems

In the SHEL model, what does "Hardware" include?

Aircraft design, buttons, switches

In the SHEL model, what does "Environment" include?

Weather, terrain, ATC

In the SHEL model, what is the role of the pilot (Liveware)?

The pilot is the central hub

In the SHEL model, who are considered "Liveware (others)"?

ATC, cabin crew, maintenance

According to the SHEL model, how must non-human components behave?

They must adapt to the pilot

What is safety culture in relation to national culture?

A subset of national culture and is resistant to change

What is the primary aim of a safety culture?

To reduce risk as much as possible

What is a "just culture"?

Mistakes not punished; violations/negligence not tolerated

What is a "reporting culture"?

A culture where it is safe to report hazards

What is an "informed culture"?

A culture that collects and analyses safety data

Which high power-distance cultures are cited as examples to avoid?

Saudi Arabia; India; Russia

What are examples of environmental threats?

Weather; ATC; terrain; airport

What are examples of organisational threats?

Operational pressure; documentation issues; dispatch; maintenance

What are latent threats?

Hidden threats not obvious (e.g., short turnarounds; design flaws like the 737 MAX)

How is an "error" defined in EASA HPL?

An incorrect action or inaction during flight

Give an example of an aircraft handling error.

Manual flight control mistakes

Give another example of an aircraft handling error.

Automation misuse

Give an example of a procedural error related to SOPs.

Not following Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

Give an example of a procedural error related to checklists.

Incorrect or omitted checklist usage

Give an example of a procedural error related to callouts.

Omitted or incorrect callouts

Give an example of a procedural error related to systems.

Misuse or mismanagement of aircraft systems

Give an example of a procedural error related to radio.

Incorrect radio usage or phraseology errors

What is an example of a crew–crew communication error?

Miscommunication or misunderstanding between flight crew members

What is an example of a crew–external communication error?

Miscommunication with ATC or other external parties

What typically causes Undesired Aircraft States (UAS)?

They are typically flight crew–induced

What happens to safety margins in a UAS?

Safety margins are clearly reduced

What are UAS often the product of?

A combination of threats and uncorrected errors