Bio 112 Test 1

Composition of a bacterial cell wall

Contains a peptidoglycan; determines the staining response

Bacillus

Rod Shaped

Coccus

Spherical Shaped

Spirillum

Spiral Shaped

Pilus

external; a structure that links one cell to another at the start of the conjugation

Flagellum

external; microscopic hairlike structure involved in the locomotion of a cell

Capsule

internal;  an outer layer of polysaccharides that covers the cells of bacterial species

Cell wall

internal; the non-living component, covering the outermost layer of a cell

Plasma Membrane

internal; the membrane in cells that separates the interior from the outside

Nucleoid

internal; an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material

Ribosome

internal; an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell

Plasmid

internal; a small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some of microscopic organisms

Transformation

Naked, foreign DNA from the environment is taken up by  bacterial cell

Transduction

Phages carry bacterial genes from one bacterial cell to another

Conjugation

A bacterial cell directly transfers plasmid or chromosomal DNA to another cell via a mating bridge that temporarily connects the two cells

Binary Fission

A form of asexual reproduction in which an organism divides into two, each part carrying one copy of genetic material

Autotroph

Organisms that produce their own food using energy from the sun or from chemical reactions

Heterotroph

Organisms that obtain their food by consuming other organisms or organic matter

Detritivores

 Organisms that obtain their food by consuming dead organic matter

Photoautotroph

Derives its energy from light and derives its carbon from CO2, HCO3 or related compounds

Chemoautotroph

Gets its energy from chemical sources and derives its carbon from CO2, HCO3 or related compounds

Photoheterotroph

Derives its energy from light and gets its carbon from organic nutrients

Chemoheterotroph

 Gets its energy from chemical sources and gets its carbon from organic nutrients

Mycoplasma

Walking pneumonia, Bronchitis

Streptococcus

Strep throat, necrotizing fasciitis, , meningitis, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever

Mycobacterium

Tuberculosis

Neisseria

Gonorrhea, Meningococcal meningitis

Chlamydia

Chlamydia

Borrelia

Lyme Disease

Papillomavirus

HPV

Flavivirus

Dengue, Zika, West Nile fever

Orthomyxovirus

Influenza

Retrovirus

HIV/AIDS

Thermophiles

lovers of hot environments

Pyrococcus, Thermus aquaticus

Halophiles

lovers of saline environments

Halobacterium, Salinibacter, Haloferax

Methanogens

 Produce methane as a byproduct

Methanobacterium, methanosarcina, methanococcus

Mutualism

A positive-positive ecological interaction that benefits individuals or both interacting species

Commensalism

A positive-neutral ecological interaction that benefits the individuals of one species but neither harms nor helps the individuals of the other species

Parasitism

An organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of another species (the host) while in or on the host organism

Pathogen

An organism or virus that causes disease

What disease is caused by Trypanosoma?

Sleeping Sickness

What disease causes malaria?

Plasmodium vivax

Zoomastigophora

Trypanosoma, leishmania, giardia

Rhizopoda

Radiolarians, forams, cercozoans

Foraminifera

Ammodiscus, Glomospira, Psammosphera

Actinopoda

Classified into radiolaria and heliozoa

Actinophrys sol, Clathrulina elegans, colosseum inerme, thalassicolla nucleata

Ciliophora

 Paramecium caudatum, tetrahymena thermophila, stentor coeruleus

Apicomplexa

Plasmodium, toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium

Chlorophyta

Green algae

Charophytes, chlorophytes, chlamydomonas, sea lettuce

Rhodophyta

Red algae

Dulse (palmaria palmata), Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Nori (porphyra)

Phaeophyta

Brown algae

Kelp, fucus, sargassum

Chrysophyta

Golden algae

Chrysococcus, dinobryon, tripartiella

Characteristics of Protists

Include all single-celled eukaryotes; Contain membrane bound organelles; Has a well defined nucleus; Have a cellular level of body organization; Reproduce sexually and asexually; Mode of nutrition is auto and heterotrophic; They move across the environment using secretions or locomotive organelles

Characteristics (and structural makeup) of all Fungi

Have a unique body structure consisting of thin filaments called hyphae that form an interwoven mass called mycelium; Cell walls made of hyphae are strengthened by chitin; Reproduce asexually or sexually by creating spore-producing structures; Can be single-celled or multicellular; Store their food in the form of starch; Heterotrophic, eukaryotic, non-vascular, and non-motile; ZygomycVery small nuclei

Zygomycota

Bread mold, rhizopus, stolonifer

Ascomycota

Penicillium, yeast, morels, truffles, cup fungi

Basidiomycota

Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi

Chytridiomycota

Allomyces, synchytrium endobioticum, neocallimastix

Zygospores (Z)

Zygomycota -  sexual

Sporangiospores

Zygomycota - asexual

Ascospores

Ascomycota - sexual

Conidia (A)

Ascomycota - asexual

Basidiospores

Basidiomycota - sexual

Conidia (B)

Basidiomycota - asexual

Zygospores (C)

Chytridiomycota - sexual

Zoospores

Chytridiomycota - asexual

Lichen Association

Mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner such as a species of cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic partner provides carbohydrates while the fungus provides anchorage, protection, minerals, and water

Mycorrhizal Association

Mutualistic association of roots and fungi. The host plant provides the fungus with a steady supply of sugar while the fungus increases the surface area for water uptake and also supplies the plant with phosphorus and other minerals absorbed from the soil

Deuteromycota

Yeast; fungi imperfecti, no sexual stage

Fungal Disease

yeast infection, athlete’s foot.

Supergroups

SAR, Excavata, Unikota, Archaeplastida

Anaerobes

live in an environment with no oxygen

Apicomplexa

Pathogenic Group