Composition of a bacterial cell wall
Contains a peptidoglycan; determines the staining response
Bacillus
Rod Shaped
Coccus
Spherical Shaped
Spirillum
Spiral Shaped
Pilus
external; a structure that links one cell to another at the start of the conjugation
Flagellum
external; microscopic hairlike structure involved in the locomotion of a cell
Capsule
internal; Â an outer layer of polysaccharides that covers the cells of bacterial species
Cell wall
internal; the non-living component, covering the outermost layer of a cell
Plasma Membrane
internal; the membrane in cells that separates the interior from the outside
Nucleoid
internal; an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material
Ribosome
internal; an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell
Plasmid
internal; a small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some of microscopic organisms
Transformation
Naked, foreign DNA from the environment is taken up by bacterial cell
Transduction
Phages carry bacterial genes from one bacterial cell to another
Conjugation
A bacterial cell directly transfers plasmid or chromosomal DNA to another cell via a mating bridge that temporarily connects the two cells
Binary Fission
A form of asexual reproduction in which an organism divides into two, each part carrying one copy of genetic material
Autotroph
Organisms that produce their own food using energy from the sun or from chemical reactions
Heterotroph
Organisms that obtain their food by consuming other organisms or organic matter
Detritivores
 Organisms that obtain their food by consuming dead organic matter
Photoautotroph
Derives its energy from light and derives its carbon from CO2, HCO3 or related compounds
Chemoautotroph
Gets its energy from chemical sources and derives its carbon from CO2, HCO3 or related compounds
Photoheterotroph
Derives its energy from light and gets its carbon from organic nutrients
Chemoheterotroph
 Gets its energy from chemical sources and gets its carbon from organic nutrients
Mycoplasma
Walking pneumonia, Bronchitis
Streptococcus
Strep throat, necrotizing fasciitis, , meningitis, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever
Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis
Neisseria
Gonorrhea, Meningococcal meningitis
Chlamydia
Chlamydia
Borrelia
Lyme Disease
Papillomavirus
HPV
Flavivirus
Dengue, Zika, West Nile fever
Orthomyxovirus
Influenza
Retrovirus
HIV/AIDS
Thermophiles
lovers of hot environments
Pyrococcus, Thermus aquaticus
Halophiles
lovers of saline environments
Halobacterium, Salinibacter, Haloferax
Methanogens
 Produce methane as a byproduct
Methanobacterium, methanosarcina, methanococcus
Mutualism
A positive-positive ecological interaction that benefits individuals or both interacting species
Commensalism
A positive-neutral ecological interaction that benefits the individuals of one species but neither harms nor helps the individuals of the other species
Parasitism
An organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of another species (the host) while in or on the host organism
Pathogen
An organism or virus that causes disease
What disease is caused by Trypanosoma?
Sleeping Sickness
What disease causes malaria?
Plasmodium vivax
Zoomastigophora
Trypanosoma, leishmania, giardia
Rhizopoda
Radiolarians, forams, cercozoans
Foraminifera
Ammodiscus, Glomospira, Psammosphera
Actinopoda
Classified into radiolaria and heliozoa
Actinophrys sol, Clathrulina elegans, colosseum inerme, thalassicolla nucleata
Ciliophora
 Paramecium caudatum, tetrahymena thermophila, stentor coeruleus
Apicomplexa
Plasmodium, toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium
Chlorophyta
Green algae
Charophytes, chlorophytes, chlamydomonas, sea lettuce
Rhodophyta
Red algae
Dulse (palmaria palmata), Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Nori (porphyra)
Phaeophyta
Brown algae
Kelp, fucus, sargassum
Chrysophyta
Golden algae
Chrysococcus, dinobryon, tripartiella
Characteristics of Protists
Include all single-celled eukaryotes; Contain membrane bound organelles; Has a well defined nucleus; Have a cellular level of body organization; Reproduce sexually and asexually; Mode of nutrition is auto and heterotrophic; They move across the environment using secretions or locomotive organelles
Characteristics (and structural makeup) of all Fungi
Have a unique body structure consisting of thin filaments called hyphae that form an interwoven mass called mycelium; Cell walls made of hyphae are strengthened by chitin; Reproduce asexually or sexually by creating spore-producing structures; Can be single-celled or multicellular; Store their food in the form of starch; Heterotrophic, eukaryotic, non-vascular, and non-motile; ZygomycVery small nuclei
Zygomycota
Bread mold, rhizopus, stolonifer
Ascomycota
Penicillium, yeast, morels, truffles, cup fungi
Basidiomycota
Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi
Chytridiomycota
Allomyces, synchytrium endobioticum, neocallimastix
Zygospores (Z)
Zygomycota -Â sexual
Sporangiospores
Zygomycota - asexual
Ascospores
Ascomycota - sexual
Conidia (A)
Ascomycota - asexual
Basidiospores
Basidiomycota - sexual
Conidia (B)
Basidiomycota - asexual
Zygospores (C)
Chytridiomycota - sexual
Zoospores
Chytridiomycota - asexual
Lichen Association
Mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner such as a species of cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic partner provides carbohydrates while the fungus provides anchorage, protection, minerals, and water
Mycorrhizal Association
Mutualistic association of roots and fungi. The host plant provides the fungus with a steady supply of sugar while the fungus increases the surface area for water uptake and also supplies the plant with phosphorus and other minerals absorbed from the soil
Deuteromycota
Yeast; fungi imperfecti, no sexual stage
Fungal Disease
yeast infection, athlete’s foot.
Supergroups
SAR, Excavata, Unikota, Archaeplastida
Anaerobes
live in an environment with no oxygen
Apicomplexa
Pathogenic Group