Lecture 1 Exam — Notes
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39 Terms
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Levels of biological organization
Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule
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Prokaryotic cell
No nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles, usually very small
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Eukaryotic
Membrane enclosed organelles, has a true nucleus
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Chromosome
DNA & protein
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Parts of a nucleotide
Phosphate, sugar, and a base
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Domain eukarya
Plantae, fungi, animalia
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Hypothesis
A testable explanation or observation
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Experiment
Scientific test with controlled conditions
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Element
Substance that cannot be broken down
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Compound
Two or more elements
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Atomic number
Sum of protons in the nucleus
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Atomic mass
Sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
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Valence electrons
Electrons in the outermost / valence shell
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Covalent bond
Sharing of a pair of valence electrons
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Electronegativity
Atoms attraction to electrons in a covalent bond
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Nonpolar covalent bond
Atoms share the electron equally
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Polar covalent bond
One atom is more electronegative
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Ionic bond
Atoms strip electrons from bonding partners
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Cation
Positively charged
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Anion
Negatively charged
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Water molecule
A polar molecule, form hydrogen bonds with EACH OTHER
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Calorie
Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius
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Specific heat
How much heat must be absorbed/lost for 1g to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius
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Non-polar substances
lack polarity, therefore lack charges and do not dissolve in water
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Solute
what is being dissolved
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Solvent
dissolving agent
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Acid
Increases the H+ concentration
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Base
Decreases the H+ concentration (or increases the OH concentration)
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Buffer
Minimize changes in concentrations of H+ / OH- in a solution
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Organic compound
Compound with carbon
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Elements frequently seen in life
C, H, O, N, S, and P
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Functional groups
Components of organic molecules commonly involved in chemical reactions
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Hydroxyl
\-OH, alcohol
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Carbonyl
\-C=O, ketone / aldehyde
\\
\\
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Carboxyl
C=OH
\\
OH
Carboxylic acid. FOUND IN AMINO ACIDS.
\\
OH
Carboxylic acid. FOUND IN AMINO ACIDS.
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Amino group
H
/
\-N
\\
H
Amine. FOUND IN AMINO ACIDS.
/
\-N
\\
H
Amine. FOUND IN AMINO ACIDS.
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Sulfuhydryl group
\-SH. Thiol
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Phosphate
H
=
-O-P-O
|
O
Organic phosphate
=
-O-P-O
|
O
Organic phosphate
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Methyl
H
|
-C-H
|
H
Methylated compound
|
-C-H
|
H
Methylated compound