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Allegory
an allegory is a narrative in which the characters often stand for abstract concepts. An allegory generally teaches a lesson by means of an interesting story.Â
Allusion
 a reference to something in literature, history, mythology, religious texts, etc., considered common knowledge.Â
Analogy
 a point by point comparison between two dissimilar things for the purpose of clarifying the less familiar of the two things. Â
Apostrophe
the device, usually in poetry, of calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to a place, thing, or personified abstraction either to begin a poem or to make a dramatic break in thought somewhere within the poem.Â
Assonance
 the repetition at close intervals of vowel sounds for a purpose. For example: mad as a hatter. Â
Characterization
refers to the techniques employed by writers to develop characters. 1) The writer may use physical description. 2) Dialogue spoken by the character and by other characters reveals character traits. 3) A character’s action may be a means of characterization. 4) The reactions of another character may also be revealing. 5) A character’s thoughts arid feelings are also a means of characterization. Â
Climax
 the point at which the conflict of the story begins to reach a turning point and begins to be resolved
Conflict (Internal & external)
 the struggle between two opposing forces that is the basis of the plot.
1) internal conflict character struggling with him/her self,
2) external conflicts – character struggling with forces outside of him/her self. For example. Nature, god, society, another person, technology, etc. Â
Connotation
 the associations, images, or impressions carried by a word, as opposed to the word’s literal meaning.Â
Denouement
 the final unraveling or outcome of the plot in drama or fiction during which the complications and conflicts of the plot are resolved. Â
Diction
word choice
Exposition
 background information at the beginning of the story, such as setting, characters and conflicts. In a short story the exposition appears in the opening paragraphs; in a novel the exposition is usually part of the first chapter. Â
Foreshadowing
 a writer’s use of hints or clues to indicate events that will occur later in the narrative.Â
Hyperbole
an exaggeration for emphasis or humorous effect.Â
Imagery
 words and phrases that create vivid experiences or a picture for the reader.
Irony (Situational, Dramatic, Verbal)
a contrast between appearance and actuality:Â Â
♦ Verbal irony: a writer says one thing, but means something entirely different.Â
♦ Situational irony: occurs when something happens that is entirely different from what is expected. Â
♦ Dramatic irony: occurs when the reader knows information that the characters do not.Â
Metaphor
: a figure of speech in which a comparison or analogy is made between two seemingly unlike things, as in the phrase “evening of life.” Â
Simile
 a figure of speech in which two seemingly unlike things are compared. The comparison is made explicit by the use of a word or phrase such as: like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems— as in: He was strong as a bull. Â
Mood
 the feeling, or atmosphere, that a writer creates for the reader. Connotative words, sensory images, and figurative language contribute to the mood of a selection, as do the sound and rhythm of the language.
Motif
A unifying element in an artistic work, especially any recurrent image, symbol, theme, character type, subject or narrative detail.
Point of view
- the vantage point, or stance from which a story is told, the eye and mind through which the action is perceived.
 -the person from whose point of view events are conveyed. Â
♦ First person: the narrator is a character in the story, uses the pronoun “I.” Â
 The first-person narrator does not have to be the main character in the story. ♦ Third person: is indicated by the pronouns he, she, and they. The third-person narrator is not a participant in the action and thus maintains a certain distance from the characters.  A) In the third person omniscient point of view, the narrator is all-knowing about the thoughts and feelings of the characters. Â
 B) The third-person limited point of view deals with a writer presenting events as experienced by only one character. This type of narrator does not have full knowledge of situations, past or future events. Â
 C) In the third person objective the story conveys only the external details of the characters—never their thoughts or inner motivations.Â
Onomatopoeia
The formation or use of words. Such as: buzz, or cuckoo, whose meaning is suggested by the sound of the word itself. (boom, click, plop)Â
Oxymoron
 a figure of speech in which two contradictory words or phrases are combined in a single expression, giving the effect of a condensed paradox: “wise fool,” “cruel kindness.” Â
Paradox
 a statement or situation containing obvious contradictions, but is nevertheless true. Â
Personification
 a figure of speech in which human qualities or characteristics are given to an animal, object, or concept. Â
Parody
 an imitation of a serious work of literature for the purpose of criticism or humorous effect or for flattering tribute. Â
Satire
 a literary technique in which foolish ideas or customs are ridiculed for the purpose of improving society.Â
Setting
the time and place in which the action of a story occurs.Â
Symbol
a person, object, idea or action that stands for something else. It is usually something literal that stands for something figurative. For example: Roads can stand for choices.
Syntax
sentence structure (see handout).Â