AP World History 4.7 Flashcards

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan known for conquest of Constantinople in 1453.

Akbar the Great

Prominent Mughal emperor recognized for religious toleration and administrative reforms.

Roxelana

Powerful wife of Suleiman, influencing Ottoman politics from the harem.

Qing Dynasty

Last imperial dynasty of China, ruled by Manchu from 1644 until 1912.

Manchu

Ethnic group from Manchuria that established the Qing Dynasty over Han Chinese.

Li Chengdong

Han Chinese general notorious for leading massacres during Qing conquests.

Liu Liangzuo

Han Chinese defector responsible for large-scale massacres of Han civilians under Qing rule.

Louis XIV

French king embodying absolute monarchy, famously claimed, "I am the state."

Ivan IV

Russian tsar known as "Ivan the Terrible," notorious for tyranny and executing dissenters.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic empire notable for military prowess and relative religious tolerance.

timar

Land grant system used by Ottoman sultans to reward loyal soldiers and officials.

harem

Private space for a ruler’s wives and concubines, often influencing political affairs.

boyar

Russian nobility, landowning elite below the royal family in societal hierarchy.

nobility

European social class of wealthy landowners with inherited privileges and power.

serf

Agricultural laborer bound to land, offering little personal freedom, common in Russia.

peninsulares

Spanish-born individuals residing in the Americas, at the top of colonial social hierarchy.

criollo

Descendants of Europeans born in the Americas, below peninsulares in social rank.

castas

Mixed-race hierarchical categories in Latin America, defining social status based on ancestry.

mestizos

Individuals of mixed European and indigenous ancestry in colonial Latin America.

mulattos

Individuals of mixed European and African ancestry, positioned in the colonial caste system.

zambos

Individuals of mixed indigenous and African ancestry, part of colonial social hierarchy.

Barbary pirates

North African pirates engaging in maritime raiding and slave trading activities.

impressed

Forcing individuals into military or labor service, often against their will.

queues

Mandatory braided hairstyle imposed by Qing rulers on Han Chinese as a loyalty test.

Sephardic Jew

Jewish descendants from Spain, particularly post-expulsion in 1492.

Ashkenazi Jew

Jewish individuals primarily from Central and Eastern Europe, historically referred to as German