Unit 1: Changing Populations

Explain two possible negative consequences for the cities projected to experience very rapid growth. [4]

• Rapid growth → pressure of infrstructure→ increased congestion on roads

• Rapid growth →increased population →increased demand for jobs→ ↑ job competition

Explain one reason why a country could experience a demographic dividend. [2]

• increasing life expectancy while decreasing fertility rate would lead to a decrase in young dependents which would increase % of working population

• Explain two possible human factors that affects population distribution at the global scale. [4]affect

• Developed counttries→as ↑ Businesses→↑ job opportunities

• Crime rates: ↑ crime is a push factor as individuals, especially families wouldn't feel safe living there

• Explain two possible physical factors that affects population distribution at the global scale. [4]

• Proximity to coast →↑ ports for trade→↑ business activity

• soil quality → fertile soil= ↑ agricultural communities

For a named country, explain one reason why it has an uneven population distribution. [3]

• South Africa

• North-Eastern area is arid land

• Kalhari desert is sparsely populated as temps is too ↑ + no algriculture as ↑ minerals in soil

• Describe one strength and one weakness of using GNI to compare countries. [4]

• +ve: summative of the amount of money earned by citizens → indicator of economic development

• -ve: doesn account for wealth disparities → high GNI could only rpresnetative of wealthy people

• Explain two causes of forced migration. [4]

• Natural disaster: tsunami →displacement

• War- unsafe living condiitons

State and explain one environmental push factor causing an instance of forced migration. [3]

• Drought

• Leads to ↓ agriculture ∴ ↓ food availability and scarcity of water = bad living conditions

• Explain two possible negative consequences for a country/region with growing family sizes. [4]

• Large family sizes →more children →young dependents →Senegal (known for large families) →73% dependency ratio→economic strain on workers

• ↑ demand for resources→↑ cost of living ↑ poverty rates

Explain two possible negative consequences for a country/region with an imbalanced sex ratio. [4]

• Dubai→1:4 →due to migration→↓fertility rate

  • Mexico 51: 49 →men leave for work `↑ single parent families GDP per capita as income recieved from other countries

• Explain two possible negative consequences for a country/region with an ageing population. [4]

• Japan

• has to invest more in caring for aged people with ↑ accessible infratsructor such as escaltors - ↑ cost

• Labour shortage in agriculture →food shortage

Explain one reason why the median age of a population could decrease. [2]

Median age → 20-40s → migration to other cities for better work/education oppurtunities

• Explain one environmental consequence of one named forced migration. [3]

• Rohingya crisis→muslims fleeing Myanmar to go to Bangladesh

• pressure on housing to deforesation to build more

• loss of biodiversity

• Explain one policy designed to prevent human trafficking. [3]

• Blue Lightning Initiative (BLI)

• airport personnel are trained to spot signs of exploitation and trafffikcing

• so they can alert airport security and authorities

Suggest how two groups of people have been affected by one pro-natalist or anti-natalist policy you have studied. [6]

China One-Child policie

• women had less pressure to have children →could focus more career growth

• ↑ Rate of female babies in prhannages or killed as families wanted boy→↓female to male ratio

• Outline what is meant by the rate of natural increase. [2]

• birthrate/mortality rate % in a year

• Explain one political cause and one political consequence of forced migration. [4]

• Fleeing war/ persecution →migrating to safer more ‘free’ countries (India-Pakistan partition 1947, force migration -religion)

• influx of migrants→competition for jobs→ resentment towards migrant community →political unrest ( border disputes)

• Explain two policies that are used to promote gender equality. [4]

• Germany Wage transparency policies→workers can request breakdown of their salary→ for businesses 200<

• perevnts pay disparity for women as businesses r pressured ot pay fairly

• Protection of transgender persons Policy →protect transgender people in schools, work environemnts, etc

• created so transgender people can be employed without bias

• Explain two ways in which one named country benefits from a demographic dividend. [2+2] [4]

• South Korea

• South Korea has seen an increase in life expectancy (85, 2022) →larger labour force as people can work for longer→↑ GNI

• Low birthrate rate →0.85( 2022) → fewer children are being born, women can prioritise career over motherhood, increasing diversity in workplaces

Outline what is meant by “fertility rate”. [2]

Average number on children born to a women in her lifetime

• Suggest two reasons why fertility rates decline when the status of women is improved. [2+2] [4]

• ↑ access to education - ↑ access to jobs - women can focus on career instead of motherhood - ↓ fertility rate

• ↑ reproductive freedom- ↑ access to contraception – many pregnancies are prevented

• Explain why some places have an uneven sex ratio as a result of migration. [2]

• Dubai 1:4, as men migrated there for work oppurtunities - business capital - provide for families back home

• Explain why some places have an uneven sex ratio as a result of an ageing society. [2]

• ageing society →women tend to ive longer than men - better social circles - improved mental health

• leads to uneven ratio as more women than men

• Explain two physical reasons why some areas have a low population density. [2 + 2] [4]

• areas with extreme climates →high temps - make area unfavourable - people prefer cooler climates so low pop. density

• areas with high gradients - hard to construct infrastructure and commute is difficult- people favour flatter land

Explain one cultural reason and one economic reason why fertility rates are decreasing. [2 + 2] [4]

• Cultural shift- ↓pressure on women to have children- can focus on their on development (career) rather than motherhood

• ↑ cost of living as areas develop, hard to afford education, healthcare, housing for family - ↓ F.T

• Outline one physical factor that can lead to an area having a high population density. [2]

• proximity to river →drinking water + irrigation - agricultural communities live - ↑ Pop. density

• Suggest two ways in which a demographic dividend can bring economic benefits to a country. [2+2] [2]

• increasing life expectancy while ↓ F.T →↓ young dependents → ↓ dependency ratio and a more economically active pop → ↑ GNI-↑ Taxes paid + gov. quota

• ↑ workers - ↓ labour cost - TNC move here - economies fo scale + global supply chain

Explain two ways in which environmental push factors lead to forced migration. [2+2] [4]

• Natural disasters →Tsunami - unsafe

• no river - no water - domestic demands not met

• Explain two ways of managing the economic problems associated with an ageing society. [2 + 2] [4]

• ↑ dependency ratio - ↓ economically active - ↓ GNI - ↓ disposable income to be spent - ↓ businesses can’t thrive

• ↑ gov. quota spent on elderly accessibility such as escalators - decreased money for trade, etc.

• Explain how two physical factors can lead to uneven population distribution in one place you have studied. [2 + 2] [4]

• South Africa

• Johanessburg densly populated due to proximity to river

• Capetown - coastal area - trade + ↑ minerals

• Explain two positive consequences of the rapid population growth of a megacity [4]

• ↑ pop. by migration - ↑ labour force - ↑ economic activity ↑ GDP

• ↑ pressure for gov. to invest in infrastructure + education →↑ literacy rates