SLP Praxis

Perlocutionary Period

The stage of a child’s development when they begin to communicate through unintentional behaviors like crying, cooing, and smiling. It lasts from birth to about 8 months of age.

0-8 months

What age range encompasses the perlocutionary period?

0-2 months

What age encompasses when babies begin making reflexive vocalizations?

Cooing

Back vowels and consonants such as /u/ “uuh”, /o/, “aw”, /a, k, g/ and “ng”. Begin around 2-4 months of age. Part of the perlocutionary stage.

2-4 months

At what age should infants begin cooing?

Vocal Play

Raspberries, grows, squeaks, CV syllables that emerge between 4-6 months. Part of the perlocutionary stage.

4-6 months

When should infants begin vocal play?

Babbling

Reduplicated includes CVCV (Dada). Variegated includes CVC1V1 (Daba). Begins around 6 months. Part of the perlocutionary stage.

6 months

At what age should infants start babbling?

0-3 months

At what age should infants react to loud sounds, smile at familiar voices, and quiet around familiar people?

0-3 months

At what age should an infant cry for basic needs, start to smile at familiar people, and begin cooing?

4-6 months

At what age should infants recognize vocal tone changes, move eyes towards sounds, and respond to toys with noises?

4-6 months

At what age should infants babble and coo in play, have distinct sounds for different emotions, and start laughing?

7-12 months

At what age should infants recognize and turn to their name, understand single words, play games, and listen to songs?

1-2 years

At what age should children be able to follow 1 step directions, understand simple questions, and point to named objects?

1-2 years

At what age should children have 2 word utterances, ask simple questions, and experience a vocabulary explosion?

2-3 years

At what age should children be able to follow 2-step directions, understand simple concepts (big vs small), and easily understand new words?

2-3 years

At what age should children have 3 word utterances, ask “Why?”, and have simple prepositions (in, on)

3-4 Years

At what age should children understand simple concepts (colors, shapes), respond to their name, and understand family member vocabulary?

3-4 years

At what age should children have 4 word utterances, ask “when?” and “why?”, use simple pronouns, and use some plurals?

4-5 years

At what age should children understand order words, time words, and be able to follow multi-step directions?

4-5 years

At what age should children be able to tell short stories, hold conversations, code switch, and be able to name numbers and letters?

Brown’s First stage of development

Children between 12-26 months have around 50 words, use basic phrases with communicative intent, and have an MLU of around 1.0-2.0.

12-26 months

What age range does Browns first stage of morphology occur?

Brown’s second stage of development

Occurs around 27-30 months of age. Children start using progressive -ing, “in”, “on”, and regular plural -s. Children’s MLU is between 2.0-2.5

27-30 months

How old are children in Brown’s second stage of development?

Brown’s third stage of development

Occurs around 31-34 months. Children start using irregular past tense, possessive ‘s, and uncontractible copulas. MLU = 2.5-3.0

31-34 months

How old are children in Brown’s third stage of development?

Brown’s fourth stage of development

Occurs between 35-40 months. Children begin using articles, regular past tense, and third person regular present tense. MLU = 3.0-3.75

35-40 months

How old are children’ in Brown’s fourth stage of development?

Brown’s fifth stage of development

Occurs between 41-46+ months. Children begin using 3rd person irregulars, uncontractible auxiliaries, contractable copulas, and contractable auxiliaries. MLU = 3.75-4.5.

41-46+ months

At what age are children in Brown’s fifth stage of development?

Uncontractible Copula

A main verb that is the full form of “to be”.

Uncontractible auxiliary

A helping verb that is the full form of “to be”

Contractible copula

A main verb that is the shortened verb of “to be”

Contractible auxiliary

A helping verb that is the shortened form of “to be”

1.0-2.0

What should the MLU be of a 12-26 month old?

2.0-2.5

What should the MLU be of a 27-30 month old?

2.5-3.0

What should the MLU be of a 31-34 month old?

3.0-3.75

What should the MLU be of a 35-40 month old?

3.75-4.5

What should the MLU be of a 41-46 month old?

4.5+

What should the MLU be of a 47+ month old?

Form Content Use

What are the three components of language?

Phonology, Syntax, Morphology

What core components of language fall under form?

Semantics

What core components of language fall under content?

Pragmatics

What core components of language fall under use?

Chomsky’s Nativist-Generative Theory

The theory that humans are born with an innate ability to learn language due to a natural LAD. Says language is separate from cognitive systems. Falls under the “Nature” argument of nature vs. nurture.

Constructionist-Interactionist Theory

The theory that says children actively construct their understanding of language through social interactions with others. Environment interactions lead to language development, and there is no specific brain processor for language. Language is not separate from cognitive systems. Falls under the “Nurture” argument of nature vs nurture.

Piaget’s Cognitive Theory

The theory that says language acquisition is a conscious learning process that involves thinking and memory, similar to other cognitive skills.

Fillmore and Bloom’s Semantic Theory

The theory that says language acquisition happens through learning the meanings of words and concepts. Acquisition is stimulated by the desire to communicate.

Skinner’s Behavioral Theory

The theory that language is learned through imitation and conditioning. It is further stimulated through reinforcements.

Social Interactionist Theory

The theory that language is acquired through social interactions with caregivers and other significant people in the child’s environments. The desire to communicate further stimulates acquisition.

Emergentist Theory

The theory that language is acquired through the child’s language environment, learning capabilities, as well as learning patterns the child is exposed to. Neurologically based.

Critical Period

The era between birth and puberty where children are most receptive to acquiring language skills. Language learned after this time period can not become fluent.

p, m, h, n, w

What 5 sounds are acquired between 0-3 years of age?

0-3 Years

What is the age range for the acquisition of /p, m, h, n, w/?

b

What phoneme is acquired between 0 - 4 years of age?

0-4

What is the age range of acquiring the /b/ sound?

k, g, d

What three phonemes are acquired between the ages of 2-4?

2-4 years

What age range are the phonemes /k, g, d/ acquired?

t, “ng”

What two phonemes are acquired between 2-6 years of age?

2-6 years

What is the age range of acquiring the phonemes /t/ and “ng”?

f

What phone is acquired between the ages of 2.5 - 4 years?

2.5-4 years

What is the age range of acquiring the phoneme /f/?

l, j, “j”

What three phonemes are acquired between the ages of 3-6 years?

3-6 years

What is the age range of acquiring the phonemes /l, j/ and “j”?

r, s, z

What three phonemes are acquired between the ages of 3-8 years?

3-8 years

What is the age range of acquiring the phonemes /r, s, z/?

“Ch”, “sh”

What two phonemes are acquired between the ages of 3.5-7 years?

3.5-7 years

What is the age range of acquiring “ch” and “sh”?

Voiced “sh”

What phoneme is acquired between the ages of 3.5-8 years?

3.5-8 years

What is the age range of acquiring the voiced “sh” sound?

v

What phoneme is acquired between the ages of 4-8 years?

4-8 years

What is the age range of acquiring the phoneme /v/?

Voiced “th”

What phoneme is acquired between the ages of 5-8 years?

5-8 years

What is the age range of acquiring the voiced “th” phoneme?

Voiceless “th”

What phoneme is acquired between the ages of 7-9 years?

7-9 years

What is the age range of acquiring the voiceless “th” phoneme?

Voice, Place, Manner

What are the 3 dimensions that classify consonantal sounds in English?

Vocal Cord Activity

What defines the dimension of voice in voice, place, and manner?

Where the sound is produced

What defines place in voice, place, and manner?

Articulator configuration

What defines manner in voice, place, and manner?

Stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, liquid, glide

What are the different manners in voice, place, and manner?

Bilabial

What is this place of articualtion? (Both lips)

Labiodental

What is this place of articulation? (upper front teeth + lower lip)

Interdental

What is this place of articulation? (Tongue tip near/between teeth)

Alveolar

What is this place of articulation? (Tongue tip on/near tooth ridge)

Palatal

What is the place of articulation? (Tongue body to hard palate)

Velar

What is the place of articulation? (Tongue body on/near soft palate)

Glottal

What is the place of articulation? (Made in throat, between vocal folds)

p

Voiceless bilabial stop

b

voiced bilabial stop

m

voiced bilabial nasal

w

voiced bilabial glide

f

voiceless labiodental fricative

v

voiced labiodental fricative

“th”

voiceless interdental fricative

voiced “th”

voiced interdental fricative

t

voiceless alveolar stop

s

voiceless alveolar fricative