SLP Praxis

Perlocutionary Period

The stage of a child’s development when they begin to communicate through unintentional behaviors like crying, cooing, and smiling. It lasts from birth to about 8 months of age.

Secondary Behaviors

Eye movements, twitching, and phonation breaks are overt examples of what?

Syllable structure processes

Staying “top” for /stap/ and “poon” for /spun/ are characteristic of which phonological processing errors?

Frontal

Which lobe of the cerebrum is critical for speech production?

Missing an intended target

What is a typical symptom of cerebellar involvement?

Cohesive adequacy

What pragmatic component may be used to evaluate “complete ties”?

Cricothyroid

Control over the fundamental frequency of the laryngeal tone is most closely related to the activity of what muscle?

Pressure

According to the Bernoulli effect, constriction of the glottis increases airflow speed which in-turn decreases what?

Global aphasia

Which form of aphasia is caused by extensive lesions affecting all language areas and results in severe impairments in both comprehension and expression?

Recognize syntactic ambiguity

Sentences such as “Visiting friends can be a nuisance” are especially useful to test a person’s ability to…

Maximal oppositions

A phonemic approach based on operant conditioning that expands upon an individual’s underlying knowledge of sound system and features

CN XII

Which CN innervates all intrinsic muscles of the tongue and all but one extrinsic muscle?

Working memory

Ability to hold a given amount of info for immediate processing

Short term memory

Retention of info for longer than 30 seconds lasting hours

Long term memory

Retention of info for months and/or years

Declarative memory

Recall of facts

Episodic memory

Recall of specific and recent events

Procedural memory

Recall of sequences necessary for given tasks

Focused attention

Ability to focus on and respond to stimuli and info

Sustained attention

Ability to sustain or hold and manipulate information

Selective attention

Ability to attend and select information within a larger set

Alternating attention

Ability to switch or alternate attention between tasks

Divided attention

Ability to attend and divide focus on multiple things at once

Non fluent aphasia

Lesion in posterior inferior frontal gyrus in left hemisphere. Effortful, telegraphic speech. aka Broca’s or expressive aphasia

Fluent aphasia

lesion in posterior, superior left temporal lobe. Fluent speech with poor auditory comprehension. aka Wernike’s or receptive aphasia

Dementia

Persistent or progressive deterioration of cognitive functions. memory deficits are most characteristic. may also impact language, emotions, etc

Right Hemisphere Dysfunction

Visuospatial deficits, anosognosia (denial/poor awareness of impairment), Prosodic, inferencing, and discourse deficits. Sustained and selective attention deficits

Apraxia

Inferior posterior left hemisphere damage. Deficit of motor planning with normal speech musculature. Groping, inconsistency, and sound/syllable sequencing errors.

Dysarthria

Slowness, weakness, and speech musculature incoordination. Divided into flaccid, spastic, ataxic, hypokinetic, hyperkinetic, and unilateral UMN

Anomia

Word finding problem. Symptom of aphasia

Phonemic Paraphasia

Paraphasia with a few phoneme mistakes, but mostly correct

Semantic Paraphasia

Paraphasia of a word substituted for a word with similar meaning

Neologistic paraphasia

Paraphasia of a word substituted with a made up word

Perseveration

Inappropriate repetition of a word/idea previously produced

Agrammatism

Grammar deficits, inadequate sentence production.

Alexia

Acquired reading impairment after brain damage

Agraphia

Acquired writing impairment after brain damage

Neologism

New word is created

Circumlocution

Talking around the intended word or idea

Jargon

Continuous fluent utterances that make little sense but appear to make sense to the speaker

Frontal Lobe

If damaged, leads to deficits in executive function. Memory loss, consciousness, impulse control, motor planning

Parietal Lobe

If damaged, can lead to sensory deficits. Difficulty reading/writing, spatial relationships, mathematical deficits

Temporal Lobe

If damaged, leads to deficits in auditory perception/sensation/integration.

Occipital Lobe

If damaged, leads to visual deficits, including alexia and agraphia

Basal Ganglia

If damaged, can lead to hypokinetic or hyperkinetic dysarthria

Hippocampus

If damaged, can lead to memory impairments, as well as increased anxiety

Anterior Cerebral Artery Stroke

Leads to deficits in memory, emotion, sensation, and motor speech. Cortical = apraxia. Subcortical = dysarthria

Brainstem

Damage leads to attention deficits, consciousness, and non-voluntary function damage. Midbrain damage = parkinson’s (Hypokinetic dysarthria)

Cerebellum

Damage leads to motor coordination and balance deficits. Ataxia (Slurred speech)

Broca’s area

Light Blue area?

Transcortical motor

Pink area?

Arcuate fasciculus

Purple area

Wernicke’s area

Gray area?

Transcortical sensory

Dark blue area?

Broca’s

aphasia with impaired fluency, repetition. Intact comprehension

Wernicke’s

Aphasia with intact fluency, impaired comprehension, repetition.

Transcortical motor

Aphaisa with impaired fluency. Intact comprehension, repetition.

Transcortical sensory

Aphasia with intact fluency, repetition. Impaired comprehension.

Conduction

Aphasia with intact fluency, comprehension. Impaired repetition.

Transcortical mixed

Aphasia with impaired fluency, comprehension. Intact repetition

Global

Aphasia with impaired fluency, comprehension, and repetition.

Flaccid

Dysarthria from lower motor neuron lesions. Hypernasality with nasal emissions. Slow and slowed DDKs and tongue fasciculations

Spastic

Dysarthria from bilateral upper motor neuron lesions. Hypernasality and a strained-strangled voice

Ataxic

Dysarthria from cerebellum lesion. Slow, slurred speech, irregular incoordination, distorted vowels, and prolonged phonemes

Hypokinetic

Dysarthria from basal ganglia lesion - depetion of dopamine. Short rushes of speech

Hyperkinetic

Dysarthria from basal ganglia lesion - dopamine excess. Involuntary movements and voice stoppages

Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron

Dysarthria from unilateral upper motor neuron lesions. Unilateral facial weakness

Narrowing valleculae space

Placing a bolus in the mouth, tilting the head back, and sallowing results in what anatomical change?

Ask fewer open ended questions

Compared with children who do not have language disorders, children with language disorders tend to…

Maubrium

Which part of the sternum provides attachment for the clavicle and the first rib?

Hard glottal attack

What is the most appropriate therapeutic strategy for an SLP to use with a man needing voice treatment after medialization thyroplasty for a paralyzed vocal fold?

Phonology

Smallest unit of language that can change meaning of words but does not have meaning on it sown is known as:

Present progressive -ing, regular plural -s

What are 2 grammatical morphemes that are acquired first in typically developing children

Manual depression of the larynx

What would be effective in remediating a falsetto voice for an adult male with a severe bilateral hearing loss?

Athetosis

What type of cerebral palsy is characterized by slow, arrythmic writhing and involuntary movements of the extremities?

Dendrites

Which part of the neuron receives neural impulses from other neurons?

Aided

AAC with an external aid (communication board, books, voice output device, etc)

Unaided

AAC produced by the body (vocalizations, gestures, signs, etc)

10 months

At about what age to infants begin to send intentional and purposeful messages via babbling and gesturing?

24 months

At about what age do typically developing children have about 200-300 words in their expressive vocabulary?

Occlusion

The way two dental arches come together when a person “bites down”

Levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, superior pharyngeal constrictor

Muscles for velopharyngeal closure

Palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus

Muscles that oppose velopharyngeal closure

Cerebrum

Front area of skull composed of two hemispheres

Cerebrum

“Thinking portion” of brain; most complex cognitive function

Brainstem

Base of brain-cerebrum juncture and spinal cord: midbrain, pons, and medulla

Brainstem

Automatic reflexes/vegetative functions

Cerebellum

Hangs off back of brainstem under occipital lobe

Cerebellum

Voluntary movements; balance, coordination, posture, attention

Medulla

Lower portion of brainstem, below pons

Medulla

Regulates respiration, heart rate, and reflexes such as vomiting, swallowing

Pons

Middle portion of brainstem

Pons

Attachment between cerebellum and rest of CNS

Midbrain

Upper most part of brainstem

Midbrain

Houses substaintial nigra (production of neurotransmitter - dopamine)

Basal Ganglia

Deep within cerebral hamispheres; telencephalon

Basal ganglia

Fine-tunes voluntary body movements, motor coordination, posture

Spinal Cord

Housed within bony vertebral column, PNS begins here

Spinal Cord

Allows afferent impulses to transmit to brain and efferent from brain-body

Thalamus

Top of brainstem; core of diencephalon