organelles

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Biology

9th

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59 Terms

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cell/plasma membrane

  • regulates what enters & leaves the cell
  • selectively permiable
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cytoplasm

  • a jelly-like substance enclosed by a cell membrane
  • provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
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cytosol

liquid portion of cytoplasm

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where are organelles found?

in the cytoplasm

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nucleus

  • controls the normal activities of the cell
  • largest organelle
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DNA

  • makes up chromosomes inside the nucleus
  • hereditary material of the cell
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nuclear envelope

  • a double membrane surrounding the nucleus
  • contains nuclear pores
  • connected to the ER
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nuclear pores

  • regulates what enters & leaves nucleus
  • RNA & ribosomes can leave
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chromosomes

  • contain genes that control the characteristics of the cell
  • in dividing cells, formed by condensed DNA wrapped around proteins
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chromatin

when DNA is spread out & appears as a mass (in non-diving cells)

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nucleolus

  • inside the nucleus
  • cells may contain 1-3
  • disappear during cell division & reappear later
  • makes ribosomes that make proteins
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ribosomes

  • make proteins for the cell
  • made of proteins and RNA
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cytoskeleton

  • made of proteins

    Functions:

  • helps maintain cell shape

  • helps move organelles around

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microfilaments

threadlike proteins in the cytoskeleton

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microtubules

tubelike proteins in the cytoskeleton

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actin

the protein in microfilaments

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tubulin

the protein in microtubules

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centrioles

  • only in animal cells
  • come in pairs
  • found near the nucleus
  • made of a bundle of microtubules
  • during cell division, they help to pull chromosomes apart.
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mitochondria

  • powerhouse of the cell
  • generates cellular energy/ATP
  • more active cells have more mitochondria (ex. muscles)
  • found in all eukaryotic cells
  • surrounded by double membrane
  • has its own DNA
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where does cellular respiration take place?

mitochondria

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cristae

  • inner membrane of mitochondria
  • folded to increase surface area for more chemical reactions
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matrix

interior compartment of the mitochondria

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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

  • network of hollow membrane tubes
  • connected to nuclear envelope & cell membrane
  • functions in synthesis & transport of cell products
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rough ER

proteins are made in ribosomes on its surface and threaded into interior of the ER to be modified & transported (export)

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smooth ER

  • no ribosomes
  • attached to ends of rough ER
  • makes cell products for use inside the cell
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3 functions of smooth ER

  1. makes membrane lipids
  2. regulates calcium
  3. destroys toxic substances (liver)
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what makes up the endomembrane transport system

nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane

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protein synthesis

when ribosomes join amino acids to make proteins

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free ribosomes

found in the cytoplasm & used inside the cell

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golgi bodies

  • look like stacks of pancakes/flattened sacs
  • Trans face: shipping (export)
  • Cis face: receiving (ER to Golgi)
  • proteins modified by this come from RER
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transport vesicles

transport proteins from ER to Golgi & from Golgi to cell membrane

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lysosomes

  • contain digestive enzymes
  • break down food, bacteria, & worn out cell parts
  • function: cell digestion
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apoptosis

programmed cell death

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autolysis

when the cell is destroyed after an injury or death

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phagocytosis

the process of which lysosomes take in food

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functions cilia & flagella

  1. Moving cells
  2. moving fluids across the cell’s surface
  3. moving particles across the cell’s surface
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microtubule arrangement of cilia & flagella

9+2

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cilia

  • shorter & more numerous
  • Ex- Respiratory system: Moves dust particles away from lungs
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flagella

  • longer & fewer (usually 1-3)
  • only cell in advanced animal w/ this is sperm
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vacuoles

  • fluid-filled sacs for storage
  • present in plant cells
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cell sap

  • stored in central vacuoles
  • contains substances like water, toxins harmful to the plant, salts, wastes, and enzymes
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contractile vacuoles

  • found in unicellular protists like paramecia
  • regulates water by pumping out excess (homeostasis)
  • keeps cell from bursting
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cell wall

  • nonliving layer found in plants , fungi, & bacteria
  • support & protect the cell
  • outside the cell membrane
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plant cell walls

cellulose

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bacterial cell walls

peptidoglycan

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fungal cell walls

chitin

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chlorophyll

  • pigment found inside chloroplasts
  • captures the energy from the sun & uses it to make food
  • embedded inside thylakoid membrane
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chloroplasts

  • found in producers that are photoautotrophs (eukaryotes)
  • surrounded by a double membrane
  • contain their own DNA (so they can reproduce themselves), pigments, & enzymes
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chloroplast’s outer membrane

smooth

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chloroplast’s inner membrane

modified into sacs (thylakoids)

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grana

stacks of thylakoids that are interconnected

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stroma

gel like material surrounding thylakoids

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which cells never have chloroplasts?

animal / bacteria / fungi

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photsynthesis

the food making process that takes place inside of chloroplasts

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peroxisomes

digest fatty acids & alcohol

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catalase

oxidative enzyme

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plastids

  • found in plants & algae
  • do photosynthesis
  • 3 types: chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts
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leucoplasts

plastids where you store starch

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chromoplasts

plastids that store brightly-colored pigment (make carrots orange, attract insects to flowers)