Final Animal Nutrition

Active Transport

This is the passage of nutrients across a membrane against a concentration gradient using a Transporter and ATP

Leptin

This hormone is produced by adipose tissue and reduces appetite

Nutrition

Numerous chemical reaction & physiological processes which transform food into body tissue & activities

Zymogen

This is an enzyme that is released in an inactive form that will become activated at a different location/time

Catabolism

This is a metabolic process by which complex structures within the animal are broken into simpler, smaller structures

Papillae

These small finger-like protrusions increase surface area in the rumen

Somatostatin

This hormone is produced in the duodenum & inhibits the release of gastrin, secretin and CCK

Allosteric Modifiers

These compounds alter the activity of the enzyme by binding to the enzyme away from the active site to increase or decrease activity

Ventriculus

The muscular compartment of the chicken digestive tract assists with mechanical digestion and is also called the gizzard

Proventriculus

This is the “true” gastric stomach in avians

Type of absorption that takes molecules from a High concentration to a Low concentration that requires a Carrier protein and No use of ATP:

Facilitated Diffusion

Which of the following is typically Not a function of the gastric stomach?

Microbial Breakdown

Which of the following is one of the major paired salivary glands discussed din class:

Parotid

Which animal will produce the greatest quantities of saliva?

Dairy Cow

Mucin is not produced by what region(s) of the stomach?

Esophageal

Absorption in the small intestine occurs primarily in the:

Jejunum

List the 6 classes of nutrients and indicate which ones may be used for energy

Water - most limiting

Protein - cost-effective but produce energy

Carbohydrates - produce energy

Fats - produce energy

Minerals - no energy production

Vitamins - no energy production

Name four compartments of the ruminant stomach & describe the primary function(s) od each section

Reticulum - Mechanical digestion: pacemaker/contractions

Rumen - Fermentation

Omasum - Filters food and enzymatic digestion

Abomasum - “True” stomach and chemical digestion

What is the importance of Nutrition?

• it involves every aspect of life

• It accounts for over ½ production cost per animal

Extra credit: Primary source of energy for the brain?

Glucose

Extra credit: Stuff about Dr. Engle

No

What is the importance of nutrition?

• It involves every aspect of life

• It accounts for ½ of production cost per animal

Describe the steps of the rumination process, what the purpose of rumination is, and how this process may be stimulated by the type of diet being fed.

Rumination: breaks down molecules and increases surface area

Purpose: increase surface area or reduce particle size.

Diet: Feed larger particle sizes like roughages

Regurgitation - anti-peristalsis of cud/food from the stomach back to the mouth

Remastication - rechewing cud/food in the mouth

Resalivation - aids in remastication cud to break down food particles more

Redeglutition - re swallowing cud/food, peristalsis

Describe the importance of enzymes and how they function. Include in your discussion what happens if the enzyme is exposed to all allosteric activators.

• Enzymes are used in almost all body functions

• if an enzyme is exposed to an allosteric activator, there will be no reaction, the reaction will speed up, lowering the activation energy, and not all of the activation energy will be used so it can be unfilled over again multiple times

  • no reaction

  • speed up the reaction by lowing activation energy

  • not all AE is used up in the process, so it will be used over and over again

Describe the major benefits and disadvantages associated with ruminant digestion of feeds discussed in class

Benefits

• acts as own personal space heaters

• no competition, readily available food

• digest use feeds other animals can’t

Disadvantages

• can result in bloat

• gas production

List all the sites where significant microbial fermentation will occur in a ruminant animal. As a result of this fermentation, bloat can occur. Please also describe the 2 types of bloat typically seen and indicate which would be effectively treated using a compound such as “bloat guard” or mineral oil.

Both produce bloat

• Hindgut fermentors - in the stomach

• Pregastric fermentors - in the rumen and large intestine

Bloat

• Free-gas bloat - gas in the abdomen that builds up and can’t be released

• Frothy bloat - production of bubbles that cause frothy gas/bloat —> treated with bloat guard or mineral oil

Name the 3 major types of microorganisms found in the rumen and identify which group of microorganisms is present in the greatest number

• Bacteria = greatest numbers present

• Fungi

• Microbes

The slide before is not letting place Protozoa instead of microbes

Describe the 3 physical factors of water that allow it to effectively cool the body. Additionally, name 2 sources of water other than drinking water

Physical factors

1. high heat capacity/specific heat

   1. requires a lot of calories to heat up

2. high thermal conductivity

   1. distribute heat throughout the body

3. high heat of vaporization

   1. sweating/panting release heat

Water sources

1. H2O in feed

2. Metabolic H2O

Describe what an enzyme cofactor is and give examples of both types of cofactors

An enzyme cofactor is a catalyst to an enzyme. It aids in a reaction.

1. Metal cofactor —> breakdown chemical configuration —> zinc copper

2. coenzymes/organic cofactor —> hydrogen

Describe the effects of the following digestive regulators and where they are secreted from

Gastrin - pyloric region/antrum; on switch and increases gastric juices

Secretin - duodenum mucosa; increased secretion from the pancreas

Name the regions of gastric stomach and describe unique characteristics associated with each region

• esophageal - non grandular

• cardiac - produce mucin

• fundic - produce mucin and secretion of HCL

• pyloric - produce mucin

Glycogen

This pancreatic hormone will stimulate an increase in blood glucose and lipolysis

Glycosuria

This is a condition where there is excess sugar present in the urine

Cortisol

This hormone is produced by adrenal glands and will stimulate an increase in blood glucose and lipolysis

Lipolysis

This is the process where tissue lipase frees fatty acids from the lipid droplet for subsequent beta-oxidation

Caprophagy

This is the practice of an animal consuming its own feces. Rabbits practice a speizlized form called cecotrophy.

Chylomicron

This compound lipid transports triglycerides and other lipid compounds through the lymphatics to the thoracic duct of the left subclavian vein in non-ruminants

Unsaturated fatty acids

This is a type of fatty acid with double bonds between the carbons

Bile salt stim. lipase

This zymogen is activated by bile salts and is produced by mammary glands. It cleaves fatty acids from triglycerides

Chyrmotrypsin

This proteolytic zymogen is produced in the pancreas and is activated by trypsin in the duodenum

Ketosis

Disease that results during the catabolism of fat when not enough oxaloacetate is available to utilize Acetyl CoA produced for energy production

Pepsinogen

This proteolytic zymogen is secreted from the fundic region of the stomach and is activated by hydrochloric acid

Lysine

This amino acid tends to be the 1st limiting amino acid for swine fed a typical corn/soybean meal ration

Sucrose

This disaccharide is made from glucose and fructose

Which of the following transports lipids from the intestinal cell through the lymphatics to the bloodstream in ruminants?

Very Low Density Lipoproteins

What are the primary end product(s) of urea catabolism by urease

CO2 and Ammonia

Lipid metabolism is regulated just as carbohydrate metabolism was regulated. Which hormone(s) increase lipogenesis?

Insulin

GLobular proteins tent to…

Be easily digested

Which type of diabetes is called “Insulin Dependent” (is treated with insulin)

Type 1

Which of the following are essential fatty acids for mammals

Linolenic (18:3 N-3) and Linoleic (18:2 N-6)

What conditions predispose a female to gestational diabetes?

All of the above: obesity, improper diet, multiparous

Describe the 2 mechanisms by which N may be removed from amino acids

Deamination - removes free ammonia

Transamination - N group is moved to other cytoskeleton

Name this fatty acid. Use the N-system, also circle the double bond that would have been added by the delta-6 desaturase

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH

18:3n^-6

Name the 10 common essential amino acids

PVT. TIM HALL

Phenylalanine

Valine

Tryptophan

Threonine

Isoleucine

Methionine

Histidine

Arginine

Leucine

Lysine

Draw the structure of a generalized amino acid and describe how this structure helps it to act as a buffer

This structure has an acid and base which helps it act like a buffer

NH3+ - Amine group

R - Side Chain

COOH - Carboxyl group

Name the three primary volatile fatty acids and indicate which one(s) are gluconeogenic

1. Acetate

2. Propronate - gluconeogenic

3. Butylate

Name 2 of the 3 primary ketone bodies describe 2 groups of animals that are particularly prone to ketoacidosis (species and physiological state) and what can be done to alleviate the disease

1. acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate

2. 1. high producing dairy cows —> after birth

   2. Ewes with twins in 3rd trimester —> before birth

3. We can increase blood glucose by using a blood IV dextrose drip. This will help alleviate the disease

Describe the Lipolysis and Beta-oxidation of triglycerides. Be sure to include the location within the cell and which processes produce ATP.

Lipolysis: hormone-sensitive lipase removes fatty acids from tryglycerides

• in the cytosol of the fat wall

Beta-oxidation: transforms fatty acids to make acetyl-CoA. Each acetyl-CoA goes through a TCA cycle and produces ATP (al well as NADH+ FADH+)

• in the mitochondria of the cell

Free Radical

This compound is characterized by having an unpaired electron and is extremely reactive and may cause damage to the body

Fresh cow vs Dry cow

Fresh - this is a term in the dairy industry to describe a cow that has just given birth and started lactation

Dry - no longer produces milk

Degradable intake protein - DIP

This protein in the diet can be digested in the rumen by the microbes to be incorporated into microbial protein

Vitamin A

The active form of this vitamin with the greatest biopotency is retinol

Fat soluble

This class of vitamins needs to be supplemented to cattle grazing winter or formant low-quality pastures

Acidosis

This disease is caused by a sudden and rapid fermentation of carbohydrates leading to a sudden decrease in rumen pH

Urinary calculi

This disease is common when an improper Ca:P ratio leads to crystal precipitates in the urethra

This is the maximum dietary fat concentration that a cow fed a high forage diet should consume

5%

Thiomolybdates

This compound is formed when there is too much sulfur and molybdenum in the ration of a ruminant

Organic form

This is the term used to refer to supplements where a mineral is incorporated into another molecule (I.E. Selenomethionine)

Which dietary Ca:P ration would prefer to feed your lactating beef cows?

2:1

Circle the following statement that is true in regards to beef cow nutrition

Most forages do not contain NRC requirements of trace minerals

What macro minerals tend to be limiting in pastures and ca lead to pica?

Phosphorus

What would your 1st choice as an energy supplement be for a pregnant cow in her last 1/3 of gestation fed grass hay as the forage base and assuming the fed rate would be varied on each to deliver the same amount of energy?

Corn

Feeding ura (in small amounts) to cows on pasture:

May increase the digestibility of cellulose

What is the primary reason why you should not want to buy dog food past the expiration date?

The vitamins are likely broken down

Ketosis (Ketoacidosis)

All of the above

• is a concern in obese sheep near parturition

• is characterized by hypoglycemia and excess ketone production

• is a concern in some high-producing dairy cows

• may be treated with a dextrose drip of propylene glycol

Which bacteria may proliferate when sheep gorge themselves on grain:

Clostridium perfringens

Which of these feeds would I choose to reduce the DCAD (Dietary cation-anion difference) of my pre-fresh dairy cows?

Brewers grains

What factors can influence vitamin degradation

All of the above

• heat

• light

• moisture

Which product has the greatest concentration of estrogen-like compounds?

Soybean oil

Which of the following may be fed to cattle raised “organically”?

Organically raised and certified alfalfa

Prefresh Dairy cows are fed rations with a low DCAD (Dietary cation-anion difference) for which of the following reasons:

To prevent Milk Fever

Which of the following is not a goal when feeding a dairy cow during the close-up period

To increase the amount of cations in the ration

For a meat product to be labeled “grass-fed” it must be…

Be allowed access to pasture during the growing season

The DCAD (Dietary cation-anion difference) of a prefresh ration can be lowered by which of the following

Feeding cationic salts

The energy balance of fresh cows tend to be reduced because:

The dry matter intake of cows in the last two weeks before calving declines by as much as a third, and maximal fetal growth is occuring

According to the USDA AMS, which products are banned from use in livestock products labeled “natural”

None of the above

• Hormone-based implants

• sub-therapeutic antibiotics

• beta agonist growth promotors

• confinement

Extra credit: What vitamin is only provided by digestive microbes or animal products in relatively substantial quantities relative to human requirments?

Vitamin B12

If the gran content of dairy ration get too high:

milk fat will decrease

Net energy requirements for pregnant cows…

increase in the 3rd trimester

You have decided to venture into the sheep business. Your 1st attempt has not fared so well. So far, you have had no animals develop muscle disease (Vitamin E and Selenium), loss of coat color (Copper), a rapid increase in morbidities, anemia (Copper and Iron), and parakeratosis (Zinc). What type of supplement in their diet should you check out? Explain why and what is the similarity in the potential culprits of your problems.

Looking at the symptoms, most have to deal with mineral deficiency. Finding a supplement with copper since there are more cases with copper compared to the other trace minerals.

Name 5 macro minerals discussed in class

1. Calcium (Ca)

2. Phosphorus (P)

3. Magnesium (Mg)

4. Sodium (Na)

5. Potassium (K)

6. Chloride (Cl)

7. Sulfur (S)

Name the trace minerals

1. Copper (Cu)

2. Iron (Fe)

3. Selenium (Se)

4. Zinc (Zn)

5. Manganese (Mn)

6. Molybdenum (Mo)

7. Iodine (I)

8. Cobalt (Co)