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nucleus
organelle that controls all the activities of a cell and contains hereditary material made of proteins and DNA
mitosis
cell process in which the nucleus divides to form two nuclei identical to each other, and identical to the original nucleus, in a series of steps (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase)
chromosome
structure in a cell’s nucleus that contains hereditary material
asexual reproduction
a type of reproduction- fission, budding and regeneration- in which a new organism is produced from one organism and has DNA identical to the parent organism
organism
any living thing; uses energy, is made of cells, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops
sexual reproduction
a type of reproduction in which two sex cells, usually an egg and a sperm, join to form a zygote, which will develop into a new organism with a unique identity
sperm
haploid sex cell formed in the male reproductive organs
egg
haploid sex cell formed in the female reproductive organs
fertilization
in sexual reproduction, the joining of a sperm and egg
zygote
new diploid cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg; will divide by mitosis and develop into a new organism
diploid
cell whose similar chromosomes occur in pairs
haploid
cell that has half the number of chromosomes as body cells
meiosis
reproductive process that produces four haploid sex cells from one diploid cell and ensures offspring will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent organisms
heredity
the passing of traits from parents to offspring
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid: the genetic material of all organisms; made up of two twisted strands of sugar-phosphate molecules and nitrogen bases
gene
section of DNA on a chromosome that contains instructions for making specific proteins
RNA
ribonucleic acid; a type of nucleic acid that carries codes for making proteins from the nucleus to the ribosomes
mutation
any permanent change in a gene or chromosome of a cell; may be beneficial, harmful, or have little effect on an organism
