child psychopathology final

oppositional defiant disorder

reflects a pattern of noncompliant, defiant, and/or spiteful behavior

signs and symptoms of ODD

angry or irritable mood

argumentative or defiant behavior

vindictiveness towards others

conduct disorder

a serious condition characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which youths violate the basic rights of other or major age-appropriate social rules

symptoms for for CD

aggression against people and animals

destruction of property

deceitfulness or theft

serous rule violations

intermittent explosive disorder

characterized by repeated angry outbursts resulting in verbal and/or physical aggression

reactive aggression

when children engage in physical violence or property destruction in response to a threat, a frustrating event, or provocation by others

proactive agression

when children deliberately engage in an aggressive act in order to obtain a seried goal

Dunedin multidisciplinary health development study

a 40-year prospective, longitudinal study investigating the long-term mental health outcomes of youths

childhood-onset conduct problems

first show conduct problems in preschool or early elementary

antisocial personality disorder

a serious disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

adolescents-onset conduct problems

a developmental pathway in which youths first show conduct problems after age 10; associated with risk of behavior and employment difficulties in adulthood

limited prosocial emotions

a specifier used in DSM-5 to describe youths with CD who also show two of the following:

lack of remorse or guilt

callousness or lack of empathy

lack of concern about performance

shallow or deficient affect

psychopathy

a syndrome characterized by antisocial behavior, impulsivity, shallow affect, narcissism, and disregard for the suffering of others

relational aggression

behaviors that harm other people’s mood, self-concept, or social status by damaging or manipulating interpersonal relationships

dual failure model

was developed to explain the relationship between early conduct problems and later depression

peer relationships and academics

what two fields are affected in children according to this model

coercive family process

describes a pattern of parent-child interactions in which caregivers unknowingly reinforce children’s oppositional and defiant actions

hostile parenting

is associated with development of children’s aggressive behavior

includes harsh disciplinary tactics, such as yelling, arguing, spanking, hitting, or criticizing

using guilt and shame to correct children’s misbehavior or relying on parental power to make children comply with requests or commands

parental monitoring

has three component:

parents must know children’s whereabouts, activities, and peers

parents must set developmentally appropriate limits on children’s activities

parents must consistently discipline children when they fail to adhere to the family’s rules

social information processing

the way they perceive, interpret, and solve social dilemmas and interpersonal disputes

selective affiliation

a tendency of peer-rejected children to seek out other rejected youths for their social network

deviancy training

a term used to describe the way boys model and reinforce each other’s antisocial behavior

robins paradox

adult antisocial behavior virtually requires childhood antisocial behavior

parent management training

the most widely used and best supported treatment for conduct problems in young children

a behavioral intervention that is based on the notion that children’s disruptive actions often develop in the context of coercive parent-child interactions

Premack’s principle

a rule of thumb that can be sued to motivate children to engage in appropriate acts

states that a child will be more likely to perform a lo base-rate activity if she knows that she will be able to partake in a more desirable activity as a consequence

parent-child interaction therapy

a variant of PMT designed for families with disruptive preschoolers or young school-age children

child-directed interaction

the goal is to increase parents’ sensitivity and responsiveness toward their children and to improve the quality of their relationship

parent-directed interaction

the goal is to help parents create more realistic expectations for their children’s behavior, to reduce hostile and coercive parent-children exchanges, and to promote consistent use of discipline

problem solving skills training

based on the notion that youths with disruptive behavior problems show characteristic biases in the way they perceive, interpret, and respond to interpersonal problems

aggression replacement training

a multimodal treatment designed for adolescents with histories of disruptive, aggressive, and antisocial behavior

mutisystemic therapy

an intensive from of family-and community based treatment that is especially effective for adolescents with serious conduct problems

treatment foster care oregon

developed at the Oregon social learning center for youth involved in the juvenile justice, child welfare, and mental health care systems

substance use disorder

a problematic pattern of substance use leading to distress or impairment and characterized by impaired control, social problems, risk-taking, and /or tolerance or withdrawal

cannabis

a naturally occurring drug that contains delta 9 tetrahydrcanabinol

hallucinogens

include substances such as LSD, shrooms, MDMA

inhalants

include substances such as gasoline, glue, paint thinners, spray paint, and household cleaners

opioids

include natural opioids such as morphine, semi-synthetics such as heroin, and synthetic medications that act like these substances such as codeine, oxy, and fentanyl

sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics

include medications used to treat anxiety and insomnia

stimulants

include medications and drugs that typically enhance dopamine activity in the central nervous system

tobacco

contains the chemical nicotine, which has both stimulating and anxiety reducing effects

remission

symptoms used to be present but no longer exist

substance-induced disorders

describe substance specific syndromes caused by either the ingestions of alcohol/drugs or their withdrawal DSM-5 recognized 3 substance induced disorders:

substance intoxication

substance withdrawal

substance-induced mental disorder

intoxications

defined as a disturbance of perception, wakefulness, attention, thinking, judgment, psychomotor, and/or interpersonal behavior caused by the ingestion of a substance

withdrawal

defined as a substance-specific problematic behavioral change that is due to the cessation of, or reduction in, heavy and prolonged substance use

mesolimbic pathway

a division of the brain’s reward pathway; extends from the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus in the limbic system; underlies subjective feelings of satisfaction, approach-seeking behavior, and learning

mesocortical pathway

it begins in the midbrain and extends to the frontal cortex

allostasis

physical changes in the brain due to recurrent substance use

biphasic effect

a description of the effects of alcohol on individuals; mild to moderate alcohol use produces largely desirable effects, whereas extended used produces largely adverse effects

cannabinoid receptors

neurotransmitter receptors that regulate appetite, pain sensation, mood, and memory

endocannabinoids

naturally occurring substances that act like neurotransmitters, bind to cannabinoid receptors, and affect neuronal activity

positive reinforcement pathway

assumes that genetic risk makes offspring unusually sensitive to the pharmacological effects of the substance

negative reinforcement pathway

assumes that adolescents can develop substance use problems in response to stress and negative mood states

conduct problems pathway

according to this the cause of adolescent substance use are similar to the causes of other disruptive behavior problems

screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment

an evidence based practice used to identify, reduce, and prevent problematic alcohol and other drug use

CRAFT

car

relax

alone

forget

friends

trouble

ASSIST

alcohol, smoking, and substance involvement screening test

stages of change model

according to this model, adolescents’ motivation to change their drinking and other drug use can range from very low to very high

motivational enhancement therapy

a primary goal to increase adolescents’ willingness to change by overcoming feelings of ambivalence regarding their current substance use

righting reflex

the natural tendency to tell people how to fix their problems

individualized feedback

a technique used in motivational enhancement therapy and CBT in which the therapist presents data showing the adolescents’ substance use in comparison to other adolescents of the same age and gender

decisional balance

a technique in which the therapist encourages the adolescent to consider the costs and benefits of her substance use

harm reductions

the primary goal of therapy is to help adolescents identify and avoid substance use that ahs a great potential for harm

functional family therapy

a widely used treatment for adolescents with substance use problems and their family

multidimensional family therapy

target four dimensions of family functioning

adolescents substance use

caregiving practices of the adolescents’ parents

quality of family relationships

community factors that can influence the adolescents’ substance use, such as peer relationships, school involvement, or after-school activities

relapse prevention

a component of treatment in which the therapist and client systematically plan for relapse

abstinence violation effect

feeling shame or guilt after breaking a period of abstinence; often results in continued substances use to alleviate these negative emotions

anxiety

a complex state of psychological distress that reflects emotional, behavioral, physiological, and cognitive reactions to threatening stimuli

fear

primarily a behavior and physiological reaction to an immediate threat, in which the person responds to imminent danger

worry

primarily a cognitive response to threat, in which the person considers and prepares for future danger or misfortune

maladaptive anxiety

differentiated from adaptive anxiety in 3 ways

intensity

chronicity

degree of impairment

separation anxiety

children show excessive anxiety about leaving caregivers and other individuals to whom they are emotionally attatched

attachment

the emotional bond between caregiver and child during the first few years of life; promotes safety and allows the child to explore his or her environment

selective mutism

an anxiety disorder in which children consistently fail to speak in social situations where speaking is expected

behavioral inhibition

the tendency to inhibit play and vocalization, to withdraw, and to seek a caregiver when encountering unfamiliar people or situations

Mowrer’s two factor theory of anxiety

can be used to explain the cause and maintenance of selective mutism in children

specific phobia

one of the most common and most untreated anxiety disorders in children and adolescents

vasovagal response

a physiological reaction that involves a rapid increase and sudden decrease in blood pressure

social anxiety disorder

characterized by a marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which scrutiny or embarrassment might occur

panic disorder

a serious condition characterized by the presence of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks that cause significant distress or impairment

panic attack

an acute and intense episode of psychological distress and automatic arousal

metacognition

the ability to think about their own thoughts and feelings

anxiety sensitivity

the tendency to perceive the symptoms of anxiety as extremely upsetting and aversive

expectancy theory of panic

people with high anxiety sensitivity are usually sensitive to the physiological symptoms of anxious arousal

agoraphobia

characterized by recurrent anxiety about places or situations from which escape or help is not possible without considerable effort or embarrassment

generalized anxiety disorder

characterized by worry rather than fear or panic

apprehensive expectation

excessive worry about the future

cognitive avoidance theory

worrying helps people void emotionally and physically distressing mental images

obsessive-compulsive-disorder

characterized by the presence of recurrent, unwanted obsession or compulsions that are extremely time consuming, cause marked distress, or significantly impair daily functioning

obsessions

recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images, that are experiences as intrusive and unwanted

compulsions

repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly

tics

sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, and stereotyped behaviors that are involuntary

trichotillomania

repeatedly pull out their hair, resulting in hair loss

excoriation disorder

characterized be recurrent skin picking that results in lesions

exposure therapy

occurs when children confront these feared stimuli for discrete periods of time

contingency management

based on the principles of operant conditioning; it involves exposing the child to feared stimulus and positively reinforcing the child contingent on the exposure s

systematic desensitization

a technique based on the principle of classical conditioning

modeling

the child watches an adult or another child confront the feared stimulus

cognitive-behavioral therapy

an effective treatment for many childhood anxiety disorders, especially SAD and GAD

relaxation training

the adolescent learns way to reduce physiological arousal when he begins to experience panic

interoceptive exposure

the adolescent learns to produce some of the physiological symptoms of panic and then use relaxation techniques to cope with these physiological symptoms