Wavelength
the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.
Amplitude
the height of a wave's crest
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Wavelength
the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.
Amplitude
the height of a wave's crest
Frequency
The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time
Reflection
The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a surface through which it cannot pass.
Absorbance
The amount of light absorbed by a sample
Transmittance
The passing of light through a sample
Interference
the interaction between waves that meet
Diffraction
light waves can also interact with small objects by bending or scattering
Refraction
when light waves change direction as they enter a new medium
refractive index
the extent to which a material slows transmission speed relative to empty space
image point (focus)
the location where all of the light that strikes a lens and refracts is met at a single point
focal point
the image point when light entering the lens is parallel
focal length
the distance to the focal point
Dispersion
the separation of light into colors arranged according to their frequency
phosphorescence
light emitted by a substance without combustion or perceptible heat
magnification
the ability of a lens to enlarge the image of an object when compared to the real object
resolution
the ability to tell that two separate points or objects are separate
numerical aperture
measure of a lens ability to "capture" light coming from the specimen and use it to make the image
compound microscope
a light microscope that uses more than one lens to magnify an object
simple microscope
a microscope that contains only one lens
brightfield microscope
a microscope that allows light rays to pass directly to the eye without being deflected by an intervening opaque plate in the condenser
monocular
having a single eyepiece
binocular
having two eyepieces
ocular lens
Eyepiece of a microscope
objective lenses
these are found on the nosepiece and range from low to high power
total magnification
objective lens x ocular lens
stage
Supports the slide being viewed
x-y mechanical stage knobs
move the slide
coarse focus knob
Brings an object into focus at low or medium power
fine focus knob
brings an object into focus at high power
illuminator
high-intensity bulb below the stage
condenser lens
located immediately below the specimen, focuses light from the light source onto the specimen
Diaphragm
Regulates the amount of light on the specimen
rheostat
a dimmer switch that controls the intensity of the illuminator
chromophores
pigments that absorb and reflect particular wavelengths of light
oil immersion lens
a special lens designed to be used with immersion oils
Darkfield microscope
A microscope that has a device to scatter light from the illuminator so that the specimen appears white against a black background
phase contrast microscope
light microscope that enhances contrast; useful in examining living, unstained cells
DIC (differential interference contrast) microscope
similar to phase-contrast microscopes but use two beams of lights in which the direction of wave movement (polarization) differs
fluorochromes
flourescent dyes added to specimens that are not naturally fluorescent
fluorescence microscope
An optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to look at organisms on a slide.
Up to 2000x magnification.
Immunofluorescence
method of tagging antibodies with a luminating dye to detect antigen-antibody complexes
confocal microscope
A microscope used for increasing the optical resolution and contrast that eliminates out-of-focus light.
Up to 2000x magnification.
two-photon microscope
a light microscope that uses fluorescent stains and long wavelength light
electron microscope (EM)
focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample, coated with metal atoms, to study details of its topography.
Scanning Probe Microscope
A tool of nanotechnology that detects and characterizes the surface atoms of materials by way of an ultrathin probe tip, which is detected by laser light as it is mechanically dragged over the surface
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
microscope that measures electrons that leak or "tunnel" from the surface of the specimen
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
uses a metal- and-diamond probe inserted into the specimen.
Produces three-dimensional images.
wet mount
a glass slide holding a specimen suspended in a drop of liquid (as water) for microscopic examination
fixation
second method of preparing specimens for light microscopy by heating or chemically treating the specimen
smear
a thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide
staining
coloring the microbe with a dye that emphasizes certain structures
basic dye
the chromophore is a cation (+)
acidic dye
the chromophore is an anion
positive stain
Positively charged stain is attracted to negatively charged cell walls
Stick to the cell and give it color
negative stain
a simple stain that stains the background but leaves the bacteria unstained
simple staining
the use of a single stain to color a bacterial cell
differential staining
using specific stains to distinguish different types of cell.
Gram stain procedure
1. Primary stain (Crystal violet- a basic stain)
2. Mordant (Gram's iodine- I2 + KI)
(something that helps fix dye on or in a cell but does not itself contribute color)
3. decolorizing agent (Ethanol or acetone)
4. Counterstain (Safranin- a basic stain)
primary stain
crystal violet
mordant
Gram's iodine
Decolorizing agent in gram stain
Ethanol/ Alcohol; the dye-mordant is leached from gram - cells by alcohol or acetone. After decolorization, gram + cells are purple but gram - cells are colorless.
The counterstain in the Gram stain is
safranin. stains all the bacteria. gram negative appear red.
acid fast stain
a differential stain used to identify bacteria that are not decolorized by acid-alcohol
Ziehl-Neelsen technique
a special bacteriological stain used to identify acid-fast organisms, mainly Mycobacteria; also known as the acid fast stain
Kinyoun technique
acid-fast staining method that heat is not used in the primary staining process
capsule staining
Negative stain - capsules colorless against a stained background
Endospore staining
-heated, double staining technique
-bacterial endospore is one color and vegetative cell is a different color
flagella staining
mordant applied to increase thickness of flagella
thin section
A 3/100-mm-thick slice of rock that can be examined with a petrographic microscope.
Ultramicrotome
An instrument used to cut very thin sections of tissue for use in the transmission electron microscope