Openstax-Microbiology Chapter 2 How We See the Invisible World

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Wavelength

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the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.

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Amplitude

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the height of a wave's crest

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73 Terms

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Wavelength

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.

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Amplitude

the height of a wave's crest

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Frequency

The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time

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Reflection

The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a surface through which it cannot pass.

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Absorbance

The amount of light absorbed by a sample

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Transmittance

The passing of light through a sample

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Interference

the interaction between waves that meet

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Diffraction

light waves can also interact with small objects by bending or scattering

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Refraction

when light waves change direction as they enter a new medium

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refractive index

the extent to which a material slows transmission speed relative to empty space

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image point (focus)

the location where all of the light that strikes a lens and refracts is met at a single point

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focal point

the image point when light entering the lens is parallel

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focal length

the distance to the focal point

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Dispersion

the separation of light into colors arranged according to their frequency

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phosphorescence

light emitted by a substance without combustion or perceptible heat

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magnification

the ability of a lens to enlarge the image of an object when compared to the real object

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resolution

the ability to tell that two separate points or objects are separate

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numerical aperture

measure of a lens ability to "capture" light coming from the specimen and use it to make the image

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compound microscope

a light microscope that uses more than one lens to magnify an object

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simple microscope

a microscope that contains only one lens

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brightfield microscope

a microscope that allows light rays to pass directly to the eye without being deflected by an intervening opaque plate in the condenser

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monocular

having a single eyepiece

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binocular

having two eyepieces

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ocular lens

Eyepiece of a microscope

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objective lenses

these are found on the nosepiece and range from low to high power

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total magnification

objective lens x ocular lens

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stage

Supports the slide being viewed

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x-y mechanical stage knobs

move the slide

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coarse focus knob

Brings an object into focus at low or medium power

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fine focus knob

brings an object into focus at high power

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illuminator

high-intensity bulb below the stage

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condenser lens

located immediately below the specimen, focuses light from the light source onto the specimen

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Diaphragm

Regulates the amount of light on the specimen

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rheostat

a dimmer switch that controls the intensity of the illuminator

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chromophores

pigments that absorb and reflect particular wavelengths of light

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oil immersion lens

a special lens designed to be used with immersion oils

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Darkfield microscope

A microscope that has a device to scatter light from the illuminator so that the specimen appears white against a black background

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phase contrast microscope

light microscope that enhances contrast; useful in examining living, unstained cells

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DIC (differential interference contrast) microscope

similar to phase-contrast microscopes but use two beams of lights in which the direction of wave movement (polarization) differs

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fluorochromes

flourescent dyes added to specimens that are not naturally fluorescent

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fluorescence microscope

An optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to look at organisms on a slide.

Up to 2000x magnification.

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Immunofluorescence

method of tagging antibodies with a luminating dye to detect antigen-antibody complexes

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confocal microscope

A microscope used for increasing the optical resolution and contrast that eliminates out-of-focus light.

Up to 2000x magnification.

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two-photon microscope

a light microscope that uses fluorescent stains and long wavelength light

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electron microscope (EM)

focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface

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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens.

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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample, coated with metal atoms, to study details of its topography.

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Scanning Probe Microscope

A tool of nanotechnology that detects and characterizes the surface atoms of materials by way of an ultrathin probe tip, which is detected by laser light as it is mechanically dragged over the surface

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Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

microscope that measures electrons that leak or "tunnel" from the surface of the specimen

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Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

uses a metal- and-diamond probe inserted into the specimen.

Produces three-dimensional images.

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wet mount

a glass slide holding a specimen suspended in a drop of liquid (as water) for microscopic examination

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fixation

second method of preparing specimens for light microscopy by heating or chemically treating the specimen

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smear

a thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide

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staining

coloring the microbe with a dye that emphasizes certain structures

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basic dye

the chromophore is a cation (+)

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acidic dye

the chromophore is an anion

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positive stain

Positively charged stain is attracted to negatively charged cell walls

Stick to the cell and give it color

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negative stain

a simple stain that stains the background but leaves the bacteria unstained

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simple staining

the use of a single stain to color a bacterial cell

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differential staining

using specific stains to distinguish different types of cell.

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Gram stain procedure

1. Primary stain (Crystal violet- a basic stain)

2. Mordant (Gram's iodine- I2 + KI)

(something that helps fix dye on or in a cell but does not itself contribute color)

3. decolorizing agent (Ethanol or acetone)

4. Counterstain (Safranin- a basic stain)

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primary stain

crystal violet

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mordant

Gram's iodine

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Decolorizing agent in gram stain

Ethanol/ Alcohol; the dye-mordant is leached from gram - cells by alcohol or acetone. After decolorization, gram + cells are purple but gram - cells are colorless.

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The counterstain in the Gram stain is

safranin. stains all the bacteria. gram negative appear red.

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acid fast stain

a differential stain used to identify bacteria that are not decolorized by acid-alcohol

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Ziehl-Neelsen technique

a special bacteriological stain used to identify acid-fast organisms, mainly Mycobacteria; also known as the acid fast stain

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Kinyoun technique

acid-fast staining method that heat is not used in the primary staining process

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capsule staining

Negative stain - capsules colorless against a stained background

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Endospore staining

-heated, double staining technique

-bacterial endospore is one color and vegetative cell is a different color

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flagella staining

mordant applied to increase thickness of flagella

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thin section

A 3/100-mm-thick slice of rock that can be examined with a petrographic microscope.

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Ultramicrotome

An instrument used to cut very thin sections of tissue for use in the transmission electron microscope