Rise of Modern America Midterm

Religious freedom

Reason for founding Plymouth colony

Money

Reason for founding Jamestown

Native Americans, Indentured Servants, African Slaves

3 Phases of labor

Required rigid policing and Race based slavery

2 ways that American slavery was different

Land and freedom

Reasons why British came to America

African Americans are not citizens, 5th amendment protects travelling with slaves, and congress can’t ban slavery anywhere

3 Results of Dred Scott decision

Exhaustion plan

destroy as much of the South as possible

Emancipation proclamation

meant to get more black soldiers and get slaves free

Minie Ball

more accurate and meant to flatten and cause more damage

Matthew Brady

used potential war deaths to sell memories and took pictures of battlefields

United daughters of the confederacy

Formed by relatives of Confederate soldiers to reform image of the south

South was united in support of the confederacy, south would have won with more men and more guns, and civil war and secession was about states’ rights not slavery

3 Foundations of the lost cause myth

13th amendment

legally abolished slavery

Black codes

foundation of Jim Crow

14th amendment

granted citizenship to former slaves

15th amendment

right to vote can’t be restricted based on race

Klan

started in TN and became violent and tried to prevent Republican progress and spread fear

Reconstruction Act

divided South into 5 military districts and redid gov.

Congress’s Force Acts

Congress sent troops to fight the Klan

Transportation, Market, Industrial, and Communication

4 big revolutions

Erie Canal

opened midwest to the Atlantic

Clermont

First steam boatF

Robert Fulton

Invented steam boat

Market Revolution

Shift from subsistence to commercial agriculture

Production expands and costs plummet, creation and expansion of cities, creation of cotton south, increasing inequality

4 major effects of market revolution

Long Staple cotton

more profitable kind of cotton but it didn’t grow wellS

Short staple cotton

Easier kind of cotton to grow but more difficult to remove seeds

Eli Whitney

Improved cotton gin so short staple was profitable

Lowell Mill Town

Established North for manufacturing, stole designs from British and employed mostly farm girls

Interchangeable parts

Popularized by Eli Whitney

Sewing Machine

Invented by Elias House and Isaac Singer perfected it, allowed rise of ready made clothing

Immigration, organized labor, changing ideas about women and children, and work force demoralization

4 results of Industrial revolution

Go through any weather and moved very fast but were very dangerous

Pros and Cons of railroads

Static Electricity

Easiest form of electricity to study but they didn’t know how to make it useful

Francis Hauksbee

Figured out he could create electric signal using glass globe on spindle but he didn’t know how to harness it

Stephen Gray and Gransville Wheler

Holding a metal rod to a globe conducted electricity but they didn’t have a use for it besides parlor tricks

Electrical Parties

Used currents to set bowls of alcohol on fire

Venus Electrificata

Woman was electrified and kissed people

Flying Boy

Took kid and suspended him then electrified him and made him attract things

Luigi Galvani

Hooked generators to dead things to bring things back to life

Voltaic pile

Copper and zinc connected to brine soaked cloth, useful but people didn’t know how it worked

Alessandro Volta

Invented Voltaic pile

DC current

Type of current Edison wanted

William Kemmler

First person executed by electric chair

Trusts

corporations coming together to control a large part of the market to avoid monopoly backlash and eliminate competition

Horizontal integration

buying other companies doing the same thing to control the market

Vertical integration

buying companies that do all levels of production needed for their product

Wabash case

states could not control prices of goods on railroads going through states

Interstate commerce act

railroads have to charge reasonable and just rates

Sherman anti-trust act

businesses can’t conspire to form trusts and can’t monopolize

Herbert Spencer

coined Social Darwinism

Knights of Labor

Wanted to restore independence, allowed skilled and unskilled laborers and women and minorities

Terrence Powderly

Leader of the Knights of Labor

Haymarket Square Massacre

Workers protesting for 8 hour workday, someone threw a bomb at police

American Federation of Labor

Only allowed skilled white men

Samuel Gompers

Leader of American federation of labor, said change couldn’t happen all at once so small changes over time was best option

Charles Grandison Finney

Revival leader, hated changes in society because they led to individualism which is selfish

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Can’t be denied goods or services based on race

Plessy v. Ferguson

Ruled segregation laws did not violate constitution so long as options are equal in quality

Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education

Court argued that county couldn’t pay for both schools so black citizens had to pay for the white school

Booker T. Washington

Worked within the established system; wanted vocational training

Accommodationism

African Americans should give up on racial equality and start building their own systems 

W.E.B DuBois

Worked against the system, absolute and immediate equality

The Talented Tenth

Encouraged African Americans to go to the best schools and get the best education

Colonization clause and doctrine of two spheres

2 parts of Monroe Docterine

John L. O’ Sullivan

Coined Manifest Destiny

American Exceptionalism

America is the best and expansion is a gift to the rest of the world

Make America Richer, Make America better, and make America stronger

3 big arguments for expansion

The Influence of Sea Power in History

Strong nations need strong navies

Alfred Mahan

Author of The Influence of Sea Power in History

Frontier Thesis

No longer a line where there were no white settlers so colonization is essential to US success

Frederick Jackson Turner

Created frontier thesis

Valeriano Weyler

Spanish General that herded rebels into concentration camps and killed those that didn’t comply

USS Maine

Ship sent to Cuba to stop spread and it exploded and was blamed on the Spanish

Richard F. Outcault

Artist of the Yellow kid

Teller Amendment

Congress promised Cuban was will not be a war of expansion and Cubans will govern themselves

Downes v. Bidwell

ruled Puerto Rico was owned by the US but had to pay tariffs and it belongs to the US but isn’t a part of it

Platt Amendment

US had the right to interfere in Cuba and protect US interests in Cuba

Roosevelt Corollary

US can intervene without direct conquest or colonization so Europe doesn’t need to 

“Dollar Diplomacy”

Argued more US investments in other areas and less military will be needed but in reality US will still just want to protect its interests so it’s just an excuse for more control

Religion, Land Use, Gender Relations

3 big differences between Europeans and Native Americans

Labor Theory of Value

to completely own land one had to improve it and produce from it 

Indian Removal Act

Gave President power to negotiate treaties with natives to relocate to Oklahoma

Worcester v. Georgia

Georgia can’t regulate Natives because they are their own nations

Homestead act

People got 160 acres of land if they stayed there for 5 years

Natives and Bison

2 issues with expanding West

Dawes Severalty Act

US gov. seizes all Native land and divides it up for each family to have, supposed to end communal living

Sand Creek Massacere

Colonol took troops and attacked a Native American Village

Little Bighorn

Sioux battle against US where they won but it was the last great Native Military battle

Tariffs and currency

2 Major political issues in the Gilded Age

Tariffs

hated by farmers and democrats

Gold Standard

Dollar should be backed by gold

Greenbacks

Not backed by gold, eventually revoked, liked by farmers

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Required gov. to buy silver up and print paper money

Gov. ownership of railroads and telegraphs, more silver and paper money, progressive income tax, gov. backed low interest loans for farmers

4 demands of populists

Jacob Corey

led “Commonwealth of Christ”, wanted gov to do something about economy and led march on DC

William Jennings Bryan

Nominated by both Democrats and Populists which split vote and Republicans won

“Cross of Gold”

said cities relied on farmers

Managerial Capitalism

Owner not engaging in production themselves

Social Gospel movement

Challenged social darwinism, need better enviornment to make better people