CDEP MDD 6 Sculpture (Credits: Christabelle Abad)

Sculpture

the art of making two- or three-dimensional representative or abstract forms, especially by carving stone or wood or by casting metal or plaster

Sculpere-to carve

Materials: wood, stone, clayu, bronze

Additive process

process of sculpting where material is added and added again to build up form as in clay

subtractive process

sculpture made by removing material from a larger block or form as in carving

carving

A subtractive process in which a sculpture is formed by removing material from a block or mass of wood, stone, or other material, with the use of sharpened tools.

Modeling

additive sculpting process consisting of addition to or building up form

Casting

a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify

relief sculpture

KIND OF SCULPTURE:

raised form or forms that project a background or a surface

Low-relief / Bas-relief / Basso relievo

RELIEF SCULPTURE:

projecting figure is closer to the surface and no part is entirely detached from the background

High relief / Haut relief / Alto Relievo

RELIEF SCULPTURE:

figure may almost be detached from the surface

Half-relief / Demi relief / Mezzo relievo

RELIEF SCULPTURE:

between low and high relief

Crushed relief / Relieve Sticciato

RELIEF SCULPTURE:

lowest degree or relief in which the projection barely exceeds the thickness of a sheet of paper

Hollow relief / Cavo relievo

RELIEF SCULPTURE:

relief in reverse; all carvings are below the surface plane

Sculpture in the round

KIND OF SCULPTURE:

Freestanding figures, carved or modeled in three dimensions on a pedestal or base; can be seen in any direction

Statue

representationist sculpture depicting a specific entity

Bust

Representation of a person from the chest up

Equestrian statue

a statue of a rider mounted on a horse

Assemblage

KIND OF SCULPTURE:

made by assembling found or cast-off objects; typically does not disguise the objects used

primitive sculpture

PERIOD (sculpture):

Prehistoric times; Small scale sculptures, engraving or reliefs found on former dwelling sites. Made of ivory, soft stone and clay. Decorations were mostly scratches and incisions on bone, stone or horn done in relief.

Venus

little stone figures with emphasis on female reproductive organs, breasts and buttocks

Venus of Willendorf

-11.5 cm high

-had bulbous proportions and was painted red to signify blood

Mesopotamian Sculpture

PERIOD (sculpture):

Sculptures are in forms of Abstract geometric designs which were enlivened by formal images of elemental Gods usually achieved by the use of cylinder seals.

Summer and Akkad

PERIOD (sculpture):

-common materials included basalt, diorite, sandstone and alabaster

-copper, gold, silver and shells were used as inlays

-men sculptures generally had large staring eyes and long beards

Babylonia and Assyria

PERIOD (sculpture):

Law code of Hammurabi was created

Lamassu

Human headed winged lion

Egyptian sculpture

PERIOD (sculpture):

-colossal outdoor sculptures adorn the dead

-sculptures in bas-relief or incised

Law of frontality

Face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other, although the hands and feet are in profile; eyes, shoulders in front view

Palette of King Narmer

-used for mixing black eye makeup

-portrayed the victory of upper and lower Egypt

Statues of Pharaoh Akhenaton and Queen Nefertiti

Egyptian sculpture carved from limestone and painted

Sphinx

Egyptian statues of deities with head of a man and body of an animal

Cycladic sculpture (Aegean)

PERIOD (sculpture):

-made from marble and depicted the human figure ranging from a few inches to life size

-usually nude females with their arms crossed over

Minoan sculpture (Aegean)

PERIOD (sculpture):

-consists mainly of statuettes and godesses

-most known sculpture is the snake goddess

Mycenaean (Aegean)

PERIOD (sculpture):

consisted of small carved ivory deities

Greek

PERIOD (sculpture):

-sculpture was their most favored art

-made monuments to honor gods and commemorate victories, to record religious rites

Daedelic style

clay mold technique mainly for frontal figures; front facing head and triangular in outline and possess long formless bodies

kouros

An Archaic Greek statue of a standing nude male.

kore

An Archaic Greek statue of a young woman.

Archaic smile

The smile that appears on all Archaic Greek statues from about 570 to 480 BCE. The smile is the Archaic sculptor's way of indicating that the person portrayed is alive.

Early Classical Greek

-Severe style

-attempt was to show the body in action or in motion

-Bronze as fav medium

Contrapposto

-knee of the forward leg is lower than the other

-axis of the body is not straight but in a faint like S curve

-weight mainly rests on one leg

Kritios Boy

1st seen use of Contrapposto

High classical greek

greek period which sought to represent the perfect male nude, an ideal which only real men can aspire

Late classical greek

greek period wherein the first great female nude of APhrodite was made

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

similar to the great pyramids because it was also a burial

Hellenistic sculpture

PERIOD (sculpture):

was more emotional and realistic than classical Greek sculpture; Greek art lost uch of its simplicity and ideal of perfect form

Venus de Milo

Developed the trend of female nudes

Myron

famous for the boldness of which he fixed moments of violent actions in bronze

WORK: Discobolus

Discobolus

Discus thrower

Phidias

greatest sculptor in Greece who designed the Parthenon

Elgin Marble

figures with covered drapery that seems wet

Polycleitus

greek sculptor who aimed to depict people as they were

WORK: Doryphoros

4 fingers = 1 palm

4 palms = 1 foot

4 heads = 1 shoulder

7 heads = ht. of figure

Canon is the use of scale and proportions

4 fingers =

4 palms =

4 heads =

7 heads =

Doryphoros

spear-bearer by Polycleitus

Diadumenos

fillet binder by Polycleitus

Praxiteles

Ancient Greek sculptor (circa 370-330 BC), a sculptor who lived after Phidias who sculpted figures that "ripple with life" and natural in form and size.

WORK: Aphrodite of Cnidus

Praxitelian curve

Exhibiting exaggerated contrapposto. Sensuous modeling of the body with a serene unmistakable gaze

Aphrodite of Cynidus

1st great female nude of a goddess of beauty; by Praxiteles

Lysippus

Alexander the Great's personal sculptor, created stock representation of god-like Alexander, with tousled hair and eyes looking upward; modified the canon by using SMALLER HEADS for his figures

Work: Hercules; Apoxyomenos

Negative relief

A technique of undercutting with a drill around the figure rather than modeling them in rounded form producing a flattering contrast of light and shadow.

Lost wax process

A bronze-casting method in which a figure is modeled in wax and covered with clay; the whole is fired, melting away the wax (French, cire perdue) and hardening the clay, which then becomes a mold for molten metal.

Roman sculpture

PERIOD (sculpture):

had 4 types of sculpture

relief, funeral reliefs, free-standing sculpture, portrait sculpture

Ara Pacis

'Altar of Peace'; built to honor the peace established by Augustus; contains carved depictions of Roman civil religion

Trajan's Column

a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars.

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus

Early Christian sculpture w/ 10 biblical scenes

Byzantine sculpture

PERIOD (sculpture):

period of Iconography and Iconoclasm; marble capitals are carved with surprising delicacy with purely oriental or highly stylized vine scrolls and animals

Iconoclasm

Removal of all religious images from churches and monasteries during a period in the Byzantine Empire, replacing it with a CROSS

Romanesque sculpture

PERIOD (sculpture):

carved in reliefs used in tympanums and portals; developed elaborate crosses 6 ft high

High Gothic period

PERIOD (sculpture):

sculpture still attached to columns but stand on their own right on horizontal pedestals; proportions are ideally perfect; deeper meaning with religious figures

Late Gothic period

PERIOD (sculpture):

give more emphasis to individual free standing or altar pieces. They float than stand on the pedestals and were more REALISTIC.

Nicola Pisano

sculptor during the Gothic period who had classical leanings, continued the Italian tradition of elaborate freestanding carved PULPITS, managed CROWDED figures, merged into broad narrative panels

WORK: Presentation in the Temple

Giovanni Pisano

Gothic sculptor; dramatic departure from father's style; emotion more contrast and realism; attention to drapery folds; "Nativity"; developed free standing sculptures in wood, ivory, and marble

WORK: the Crucifixion

Renaissance sculpture

PERIOD (sculpture):

-full range of human emotions and character

-exact knowledge of anatomy and body mechanics, prespective, and dynamics

Leon Battista Alberti

italian humanist author and architect who focused on the use of "perfect forms"; gave practical and theoretical lead to painters and sculptors

Lorenzo Ghiberti

painted the Gates of Paradise which showed 10 scenes from the New Testament

Jacobo della Quercia

noteworthy artist of Florence

-Early Renaissance; understood human psychology

Donatello

Greatest sculptor of Early Renaissance; master stone cutter; profound understanding of human psychology

WORK: Bronze David

Bronze David

by Donatello; 1st major work of Renaissance sculpture; 1st free standing nude statue

Andrea de Vorrochio

Influential Florentine sculptor, goldsmith, and painter

WORK: David which is under-age and CLOTHED compared to Donatello's

Michelangelo

-Il Divino or the Divine One

-towering genius in sculpting

-created influential fresco paintings

WORKS: Sistine Chapel frescoes, Pieta and David

pieta

by Michelangelo; 1st to do realistic drapery folds on marble

David

by Michelangelo; before the battle, shows tension with face and his only weapon was his intelligence

Mannerist sculpture

PERIOD (sculpture):

focus on human form, depiction in intricate poses and exagerrated realistic settings

Benvenuto Cellini

-known for his terrible character and banned from Florence for a time

WORK: Perseus holding Medusa's head

Giambologna (Giovanni de Bologna)

-created own personal style and carefully studied FORMALISM with refined and dynamically balanced figures

-creation of FOUNTAINS

WORK: Mercury; rape of the Sabine woman

rape of the Sabine woman

by Giovanni de Bologna; 1st twisting spiraling sculpture; no definite front or back

Baroque sculpture

PERIOD (sculpture):

fugures moved, flew or contorted with agony

-abundant drapery folds were swept by the wind

Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini

strong interplay of light, shadow and movement characterizes his works and he was typified by the use of illusion, excitement and spectacular effects.

WORK: Ecstasy of Teresa, Cathedra Petri, moving David

Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini

created a moving David about to throw the stone

Rococo sculpture

PERIOD (sculpture):

parallel movement away from the grandeur of baroque; SMALL-SCALE

Clodion (Claude Michel)

greatest Rococo sculptor; Worked w/ terra cotta. Subjects were nymphs, satyrs, bacchantes, and other sensual figures

WORK: relief in Arc de Triomphe; Nymph and Satyr Carousing

Etienne Maurice Falconet

-director at Sevres Porcelain Factory

-ironic sculptor; forte was erotic figures

WORK: the bather

Neoclassic Sculpture

PERIOD (sculpture):

noble simplicity and serene grandeur

Antonio Canova

Greatest Italian Sculptor. Famous for his marble sculptures and delicately rendered nude flesh

WORKS: Theseus and Minotaur, Cupid and Psyche

Hilaire Germaine Edgar Degas

French Painter; Most famous works consisted of ballet dances with tutu, women bathing and racehorses.

Just like in his paintings. he aimed to catch the ACTION of the movement

WORK: little 14 yr old dancer

Aguste Rodin

-revealed inner life of humans through gestures and attitudes of the body

-WORKS: the Kiss, age of Bronze, Gates of Hell

Pablo Picasso

revolutionized sculpture by making constructions by combining disparate objects and materials into one constructed piece of sculpture

WORK: Guitar (made of cardboard)

Constantin Brancusi

reduction of forms to their essentials

WORKS: Sleeping muse, The kiss

Henry Moore

English sculptor & artist; large bronze abstract sculptures

-won Sculpture Prize, 1948 at Venice

WORK: Mother and child, reclining Figure

Germaine Richter

Used traditional anatomies and decomposed it in places

WORK: Tauromachy

Albert Glacometti

worked on the human figure from life and from memory

WORK: The man pointing

Indian sculpture

(GEOGRAPHY)

sculpture in reference to all things Buddha

WORKS: Kandarya Mahadeva Temple, Shrine of Ellora