WW1 ID Terms

Honors World History

Militarism

1) Policy of glorifying military power
2) Keeping an army prepared for war
Why) Pushed nations to create large armies and increased tensions

Alsace-Lorraine

1) France lost Franco-Prussian War to Germany
2) France lost their territory in the war
Why) Created nationalistic rivalry between France and Germany

Otto Von Bismarck

1) Led nation to victory over France in Franco-Prussian War
2) Used war to unify Germany
Why) Believed France was a threat to Germany's peace he created the Dual Alliance in response

Dual Alliance

1) Germany and Austria-Hungary
2) Formed by Otto Von Bismarck
Why) Insured that if Germany was attacked by Russia Austria-Hungary would be required to help them

Schielffen Plan

1) Designed by Schlieffen in the even of a two front war
2) Speed was vital to plan
Why) The course of attack against France by Germany by use of speed. Eventually led to Britain getting involved in war.

First battle of the Marne

1) Taxicabs rushed soldiers to front line
2) Germans pushed back 60 miles
Why) The most important battle of the war. Left the German's Schlieffen plan in ruins.
* MOST IMPORTANT *

Battle of Verdun

1) both sides lost over 300,000 men
2) Germans advanced only 4 miles
Why) New tools of war had changed combat and created stalemates as shown at the Battle of Verdun.

Battle of The Somme

1) Tanks introduced for the first time ever
2) Each side suffered half a million casualties
Why) Stalemate with only created around a million deaths with little to no impact on war.

Battle of Tannenberg

1) Germany drove Russia into full retreat
2) Germany regains East Prussia
Why) First major battle of WWI and proved that Germans had superior training and tactics to other nations.

Gallipoli Campaign

1) Allies repeatedly attacked on Gallipoli peninsula
2) Bad loss for Allies
Why) Plan to attack the Turks and create a supply line to Russia. Allies failed miserably and the war dragged on.

Dardanelle Straits

1) Region in the Ottoman Empire
2) Gateway to the Ottoman capital, Constantinople
Why) Allies believed that by securing the Dardanelle Straits they could defeat the Turks.

Lusitania 1915

1) British passenger ship
2) Sunk by the Germans
Why) Aggravated the Americans to join the war after a few US citizens were killed from the sinking

The Spanish Flu

1) 12 millions people died in India from influenza
2) Pandemic more destructive than war itself
3) Influenza killed soldiers and citizens alike. Influenza killed 20 million people in the midst of the war

Lenin

1) Lenin seized power in Russia
2) Lenin surrendered Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to Germany
Why) Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk which ended the war between Russia and Germany.

Second Battle of the Marne

1) Allies VS Germany
2) 350 tanks and 2 million American reinforcements slowly began to push towards Germany
why) The allies began a counterattack that would eventually win them the war.

Armistice

1) An agreement to stop fighting
2) Marshall Foch and Germany representative sign an armistice to end the war.
Why) The armistice signed on November 11, 1918 ended WWI.

Paris Peace Conference

1) Conference to establish peace between nations
2) Delegates from 32 countries
Why) Established peace between nations and allowed for territory to be claimed.

Woodrow Wilson

1) One of the Big 4 at Paris Peace Conference
2) Created the 14 points
Why) Published the idea of League of Nations that would strive to keep peace among nations.

George Clemenceau

1) One of the big 4 at Paris Peace Conference
2) desired to punish Germany for WWI
Why) helped to negotiate the terms of peace at the conference after the war.

14 Points

1) Presented by Woodrow Wilson
2) A plan for achieving peace among nations
Why) led to the creation of the League of nations and introduced ideas of self-dependency

Self-Determination

1) The idea of allowing people to choose what government they want to live under
2) Guiding idea behind the 14 points
Why) Created a multitude of different states and was a new idea that would inspire change

Treaty of Versailles

1) Compromise reached between nations
2) Signed June 18, 1919
Why) Established a League of Nations and also punished Germany with war guilt clause.

League of Nations

1) Woodrow Wilsons 14th point
2) guiding idea of self-determination
Why) Created to ensure a long lasting peace between nations. General assembly of representatives from 32 different nations.

War Guilt Clause

1) Placed sole responsibility of the war on Germany
2) Germany had to pay reparation's to the allies
Why) War Guilt Clause crippled Germanys economy and allowed for Hitler to "save" Germany's people by taking control of government.

Creation of New Countries

1) Several new countries created out of the Austro-Hungary Empire
2) Austria, Hungary, and Yugoslavia all recognized as independent nations
Why) Ottoman Turks were forced to give up almost all their territory. By the end of the conference the entirety of Europe had been changed.

Why the US didn't join the league of nations

1) Proposed the idea but did not join it
2) Americans wanted to stay out of European affairs
Why) Peace built on quicksand was used to describe the conference as everything they had built would soon come back down.

Serbia

1) Region in the Balkans
2) Intense nationalists
Why) Serbia had an intense relationship with Austria and both were backed by superpowers if they ever went to war. Homeland of the Black Hand who assassinated Franz Ferdinand.

Bosnia

1) Austria annexed Bosnia
2) Large Slavic population
Why) Frustrated Serbian leaders and increased tensions between Austria and Serbia.

Nationalism

1) Deep devotion to ones nation
2) Used as a unifying force within a country
Why) Intense nationalism led to competition between Europe's superpowers.

Imperialism

1) The competition for colonies in Africa and Asia
2) Colonization attempts would push countries to the brink of war
Why) Imperialism helped to set the stage for war in Europe

The Balkans

1) Mountainous peninsula
2) Ottoman Empire which had controlled the Balkans was in decline
Why) Known as the powder keg of Europe, the Balkans was the place where the first disputes began.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1) Germany and Russia sign this truce
2) treaty was to call of fighting between Russia and Germany
Why) The treaty ended Russia's involvement in the war and also made them suffer huge territorial losses.

Nationalism

1. A feeling of pride in one's country
2. viewed as a bad thing vs patriotism
3. it contributed to WWI starting

Militarism

1. idealization of war
2. meant armies were ready for war
3. meant countries were eager to fight

Arms Race

1. chemical weapons
2. fighter planes
3. unprecedented death toll

Imperialism

1. expanding an empire by taking over other countries
2. could use direct or indirect control
3. increases hostility btw Austria-Hungary and Serbia

Alliance system

1. could be determined by blood relations
2. allies obligated to help each other
3. created a world war out of an assassination

Alsace-Lorraine

1. territory taken by Germany as a rest of the Franco Prussian war
2 returned to France after war
3. increased hostility btw France and Germay

The Balkans, Powder Keg of Europe

1. included in the Ottoman Empire
2. a tiny spark might cause them to explode
3. indicative of a larger state of affairs

Ethnic rivalries

1. tensions btw two or more ethnic groups
2. Turks and Slavic
3. a leading cause of the Armenian Genocide

Ottoman Empire

1. the sick man of Europe
2. allied with the central powers
3. isolated Russia during the war

Serbia

1. bordered Austria-Hungry
2. large Slavic population
3. alliances with caused Austria-H vs Russia

Bosnia

1. large Slavic population
2. part of Austria-Hungary
3. where Franz-Ferdinand was assassinated

Otto von Bismarck

1. German Prime minister
2. dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm II
3. negotiated the Triple Alliance

Kaiser Wilhelm II

1. emperor of Germany
2. hurt his arm as a child
3. let treaties lapse

Dual Alliance

1. Germany's secret treaty with Austria-Hungary
2. provide support if attacked by Russia

Triple Alliance

1. Germany Austria-Hungary Italy

Triple Entente

1. France Britain Russia

Franz Ferdinand

1. Austria-Hungry's archduke
2. to take power after death of elderly father
3. assassination sparked WWI

Assassination

1. murder and of a public figure
2. by Gavrilo Princip for the The Black Hand
3. sparked WWI

The Black Hand

1. Serbian terrorist group
2. wanted to create a Slavic homeland
3. inadvertently caused WWI

Ultimatum

1. set of demands from Austria-Hungary to Serbia
2. investigate death of Fanz Ferdinand

Central Powers

1. Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire

The Allies

1. France Britain Russia later Italy

Japan

1. joined Allies in hopes of gaining land

Italy

1. originally part of central powers
2. accused as unjust start of war before switching sides
3. seen as less loyal and got less in Treaty of Versailles

Western Front

1. border of France and Germany
2. had trenches
3. unprecedented loss of life

Stalemate, deadlock

1. on Western Front
2. neither side winning
3. unprecedented loss of life for little progress

War of Attrition

1. a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses
2. on Western Front
3. meant that neither side could win

Schlieffen Plan

1. by General Alfred von Schleiffen
2. Germany's plan
3. the plan that failed then resulted in stalemate

Two-front war

1. a war fought in two places
2. happened to Germany with France and Russia
3. Germany had to divide forces thus couldn't defeat either

First battle of the Marne

1. 20 miles outside Paris
2. 600 taxis brought soldiers from Paris
3. victory for France screwed the Schleiffen Plan

Trench Warfare

1. sides fought each other from trenches
2. ex: the Western Front
3. large loss of life for small territory gains

No Man's Land

1. the space between trenches
2. many died in transversing
3. deaths led to tech innovations and more death

Poison Gas

1. used by both sides during war
2. caused blindness, blisters, death by choking
3. indicative of technological advances for the purpose of mass killing

Submarines, U-boats

1. introduced by Germans
2. used to sink ships
3. contributed to the US joining the war

Tanks

1. introduced by British
2. could travel on many terrains
3. indicative of technological advances for the purpose of mass killing

Machine Gun

1. fires automatically
2. wipe out waves of attackers
3. indicative of technological advances for the purpose of mass killing

Airplanes

1. timing device to fire through propellor
2. weight in middle for maneuverability
3. indicative of technological advances for the purpose of mass killing

Battle of Verdun

1. occurred in February
2. each side lost 300,000
3. ex of high losses for little gain

Battle of the Somme

1. each side lost half million
2. occurred in July
3. ex of high losses for little gain

Eastern Front

1. Russia + Serbia vs Germany + Austria-Hungary
2. Russia had less tech and struggled
3. eventually resulted in Russia withdrawing from war

Battle of Tannenberg

1. 4-day German victory
2. 30,000 Russians died
3. victory was early and complete

Gallipoli Campaign

1. massive failure for Allies
2. plan by Winston Churchill
3. Allies attempted to send supplies to Russia but gave up

Dardanelle Straits

1. route to Russia
2. controlled by Ottoman Empire
3. control was the objective of the Gallipoli Campaign

Role of the Colonies during the War

1. English + France took 3/4 of Germany's in Africa
2. Japan seized Germany's in Pacific
3. source of soldiers for Allies during war

Luisitania 1915

1. 1198 people died on board
2. including 128 US citizens
3. contributed to the US joining the war

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

1. a policy by Germans
2. would sink without warning around Britain
3. once US ships affected, contributed to the US joining the war

Zimmerman Telegram

1. from Germany to Mexico
2. proposed an alliance
3. final straw, US joined war

Total War

1. where countries devote all resources to the war
2. gov controlled factories
3. this meant national rationing and higher employment

The Spanish Flu (Influenza)

1. killed 20 million worldwide
2. killed 12 million in India
3. an enemy that soldiers and civilians alike

Rationing

1. limited use of materials needed for war
2. happened during total war
3. participation on home-front, national unity

Propaganda

1. one-sided information with objective
2. often demonized enemy
3. countries used it to rally support for the war

Role of Women during the War

1. stepped into vacant roles from men
2. believed woman had smaller brains at the time
3. resulted in women being seen as more capable going forward

Lenin

1. communist leader of Russia
2. took power in a second revolution
3. he was willing to offer a truce with Germany, withdraws

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1. offered by Lenin
2. proposed a truce btw Russia and Germany
3. directly resulted Russia's early withdraw from the war

Second Battle of the Marne

1. Allies defeat Germans outside Paris
2. US first participation
3. last attempt by Germany to win

Entry of the US into the War

1. proposed to Congress April 2, 1917
2. eventually sent 2 million troops
3. significant contribution to the end of the war

Armistice

1. an agreement to stop fighting
2. signed November 11, 1918 by French commander Foch
3. marked the end of the war

Legacy of the War

1. 8.5 million killed, 21 million wounded
2. $338 billion spent
3. unprecedented death and destruction

Paris Peace Conference

1. delegates from 32c countries
2. excluded Germany and Russia
3. left countries disgruntled that later caused WW2

Woodrow Wilson

1. poor health
2. president of US
3. played crucial role in negotiation of treaty of Versailles

George Clemenceau

1. French prime minister
2. nicknamed "Tiger"
3. played crucial role in negotiation of treaty of Versailles

Fourteen Points

1. plan by Woodrow Wilson
2. proposed specific border changes
3. initial proposition for the League of Nations

Self Determination

1. part of Fourteen Points
2. that nations self govern
3. ???

Treaty of Versailles

1. signed on June 28, 1919
2. rejected by US
3. harsh punishment Germany, leading to WW2

League of Nations

1. first met in January 1920
2. established Commission for Refugees
3. while set up for failure, an attempt at lasting peace

War Guilt Clause - Article 231

1. Germany took sole responsibility for war
2. had to pay $33 billion to Allies over 30 years
3. harsh punishment Germany, leading to WW2

Reparations

1. payment for war damages
2. $33 billion to Allies over 30 years
3. harsh punishment Germany, leading to WW2

Creation of new countries

1. Russia lost FELL (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania)
2. created 4 nations out of Austria-Hungary
3. took land from Germany, partial cause of WW2