HOMEOSTASIS Maintaining a stable internal environment respond to stimuli Reacting to changes in the environment reproduce and develop Creating new organisms and growing adapt and evolve Changing over time to better suit the environment INDUCTIVE REASONING Making generalizations based on specific observations DEDUCTIVE REASONING Making specific predictions based on general principles Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space elements Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances protons Positively charged particles in the nucleus neutrons Neutral particles in the nucleus electrons Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus Atomic Number Number of protons in an atom Isotopes Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons Octet Rule Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of 8 electrons molecule Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds compound A substance consisting of two or more different elements IONIC BONDS Bonds formed by the transfer of electrons COVALENT BONDS Bonds formed by the sharing of electrons reactants Starting materials in a chemical reaction products Ending materials in a chemical reaction WATER solvent Dissolves many substances WATER cohesion & adhesion Water molecules stick to each other and other surfaces WATER high surface tension Water's surface resists being broken WATER high heat capacity Water can absorb a lot of heat without changing temperature WATER heat of vaporization Water requires a lot of energy to evaporate WATER varying density Ice is less dense than liquid water acidic solutions Solutions with a pH below 7 basic solutions Solutions with a pH above 7 pH scale Measures the acidity or basicity of a solution buffers Substances that resist changes in pH Organic Molecules Molecules containing carbon carbon The backbone of organic molecules functional groups Chemical groups attached to carbon that give molecules specific properties Macromolecules Large molecules made up of smaller subunits monomers The individual subunits of a polymer polymers Long chains of monomers Dehydration Synthesis Reaction Joins monomers by removing water Hydrolysis Reaction Breaks polymers by adding water Role of Enzymes Speed up chemical reactions Carbohydrates monosaccharides glucose Simple sugars Carbohydrates disaccharides glycosidic bonds Two monosaccharides joined together Carbohydrates polysaccharides starch glycogen cellulose Many monosaccharides joined together LIPIDS Glycerol & Fatty Acids saturated Fatty acids with no double bonds LIPIDS Glycerol & Fatty Acids unsaturated Fatty acids with double bonds PROTEINS Enzymes Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions PROTEINS amino acids peptide bonds The monomers of proteins, joined together PROTEINS protein structure primary The sequence of amino acids PROTEINS protein structure secondary Local folding patterns (e.g., alpha-helices and beta-sheets) PROTEINS protein structure tertiary The overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide PROTEINS protein structure quaternary The arrangement of multiple polypeptides in a protein conformation The 3D shape of a protein denaturation The unfolding of a protein DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material RNA Ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis ATP Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell

HOMEOSTASIS

Maintaining a stable internal environment

Atomic number 1 atomic mass 1

Hydrogen

Atomic number 2 atomic mass 4

Helium

Atomic number 5 atomic mass 10

Boron

Atomic number 6 Atomic mass 12

carbon

Atomic number 7 atomic mass 14

Nitrogen

Atomic number 8 atomic mass 15

Oxygen

Atomic number 9 Atomic mass 18

Fluorine

Atomic number 11 atomic mass 22

Sodium

Atomic number 19 Atomic mass 39

Potassium

respond to stimuli

Reacting to changes in the environment

reproduce and develop

Creating new organisms and growing

adapt and evolve

Changing over time to better suit the environment

INDUCTIVE REASONING

Making generalizations based on specific observations

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Making specific predictions based on general principles

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

elements

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

protons

Positively charged particles in the nucleus

neutrons

Neutral particles in the nucleus

electrons

Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus

Atomic Number

Number of protons in an atom

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Octet Rule

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of 8 electrons

molecule

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

compound

A substance consisting of two or more different elements

IONIC BONDS

Bonds formed by the transfer of electrons

COVALENT BONDS

Bonds formed by the sharing of electrons

reactants

Starting materials in a chemical reaction

products

Ending materials in a chemical reaction

WATER solvent

Dissolves many substances

WATER cohesion & adhesion

Water molecules stick to each other and other surfaces

WATER high surface tension

Water's surface resists being broken

WATER high heat capacity

Water can absorb a lot of heat without changing temperature

WATER heat of vaporization

Water requires a lot of energy to evaporate

WATER varying density

Ice is less dense than liquid water

acidic solutions

Solutions with a pH below 7

basic solutions

Solutions with a pH above 7

pH scale

Measures the acidity or basicity of a solution

buffers

Substances that resist changes in pH

Organic Molecules

Molecules containing carbon

carbon

The backbone of organic molecules

functional groups

Chemical groups attached to carbon that give molecules specific properties

Macromolecules

Large molecules made up of smaller subunits

monomers

The individual subunits of a polymer

polymers

Long chains of monomers

Dehydration Synthesis Reaction

Joins monomers by removing water

Hydrolysis Reaction

Breaks polymers by adding water

Role of Enzymes

Speed up chemical reactions

Carbohydrates monosaccharides glucose

Simple sugars

Carbohydrates disaccharides glycosidic bonds

Two monosaccharides joined together

Carbohydrates polysaccharides starch glycogen cellulose

Many monosaccharides joined together

LIPIDS Glycerol & Fatty Acids saturated

Fatty acids with no double bonds

LIPIDS Glycerol & Fatty Acids unsaturated

Fatty acids with double bonds

PROTEINS Enzymes

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

PROTEINS amino acids peptide bonds

The monomers of proteins, joined together

PROTEINS protein structure primary

The sequence of amino acids

PROTEINS protein structure secondary

Local folding patterns (e.g., alpha-helices and beta-sheets)

PROTEINS protein structure tertiary

The overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide

PROTEINS protein structure quaternary

The arrangement of multiple polypeptides in a protein

conformation

The 3D shape of a protein

denaturation

The unfolding of a protein

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell

Hydroxyl group, a functional group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, commonly found in alcohols and sugars.

Carboxylgroup, a functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group, important in organic acids.

Aminoacid, the building blocks of proteins, containing an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain.

Sulfhydrylgroup, a functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, important in protein structure and function.

Phosphategroup, a functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, crucial in energy transfer and nucleic acids.