AP_Euro_U5_AMSCO

Contextualizing 18th-Century States

Analyzing the shifts in European state relationships and conflicts during the 17th and 18th centuries.

European Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights over tradition.

Scientific Revolution

A period of major scientific advancements that transformed society's view of the universe.

Absolutism

A political system where a single ruler holds absolute power, notably seen in France during the reign of Louis XIV.

Parliamentary Monarchy

A system of government where a monarch shares power with a parliament, evident in Britain.

Heterogeneous Societies

Societies characterized by a diverse population, often leading to complex social dynamics and conflicts.

French Revolution

A series of events from 1789-1799 that aimed to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic in France.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and became Emperor of France.

Peasants' Grievances

Concerns of the lower classes in France regarding taxation, land rights, and economic inequality that fueled revolutionary sentiments.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by members of the Third Estate in 1789 not to disband until a new constitution for France was established.

Bastille Day

Commemorates the storming of the Bastille prison on July 14, 1789, a pivotal moment in the French Revolution.

The Great Fear

A period of panic and riots among the peasantry in France in 1789 that contributed to the revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A fundamental document of the French Revolution outlining individual and collective rights.

Jacobin Club

A radical political group during the French Revolution that played a significant role in the Reign of Terror.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A 1790 law that transformed the Roman Catholic Church in France, placing it under state control.

Reign of Terror

The period (1793-1794) during the French Revolution characterized by mass executions of perceived enemies of the revolution.

Committee of Public Safety

A political body leading France during the Reign of Terror that oversaw the defense of the revolution.

Concordat of 1801

Agreement between Napoleon and the Catholic Church that reestablished the Church's influence in France.

Napoleonic Code

A civil code established under Napoleon that standardized laws in France and influenced legal systems worldwide.

Continental System

Napoleon's economic blockade against Britain, aimed at weakening Britain's economy.

Guerrilla Warfare

A form of irregular warfare that utilizes small, mobile groups of combatants to fight a larger, traditional army.

Balance of Power

A political strategy to ensure that no one nation becomes too powerful, established during the Congress of Vienna.

Congress of Vienna

A conference held in 1814-1815 to restore Europe after the defeat of Napoleon and to re-establish the balance of power.

Nationalism

A political ideology emphasizing the interests, culture, and identity of a particular nation, often leading to independence movements.

Romanticism

An artistic movement that emphasized emotion, nature, and individualism as a reaction against Enlightenment rationalism.

Evangelical Movements

Religious movements that emphasized personal faith and emotional experiences in worship, emerging in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Pietism

A movement within Lutheranism that emphasized personal faith and living a devout Christian life.

The Age of Exploration

A period of European exploration and colonization from the late 15th century to the early 17th century that expanded trade networks.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that advocates for a positive balance of trade to increase a nation's wealth, popular in European state policies.

Liberalism

A political philosophy promoting individual rights, civil liberties, and political equality.

Constitutional Monarchy

A political system where a monarch's powers are limited by a constitution or legislative body.

Oppression

The exercise of power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner.

Diplomatic Crises

A situation in which conflicting international interests threaten diplomatic relations between nations.

Social Contract

An Enlightenment theory that individuals consent to form governments and abide by laws in exchange for protection of their rights.

Democracy

A system of government in which the people exercise power directly or through elected representatives.

Censorship

The suppression or prohibition of speech, public communication, or other information.

Agrarian Reform

Changes in laws and practices surrounding land use and agriculture, often aimed at improving the conditions of peasants.

Crisis and Conflict

Periods of instability and warfare among European states during the 18th century.

Colonial Expansion

The process by which countries establish and extend control over foreign territories.

Religious Revival

A period of renewed interest in spiritual and religious practices in response to Enlightenment skepticism.

Human Capital

The skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual or population.

Cultural Nationalism

A form of nationalism focused on promoting culture, language, and heritage of a people.

Voting System

The method by which voters cast ballots in elections, crucial for representation.

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people.

Enlightenment Thinkers

Philosophers who advocated for reason, science, and respect for human rights in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Self-Determination

The right of people to determine their political status and pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

Treaty of Paris, 1763

The agreement that ended the Seven Years' War and transferred territories from France to Britain.

Austrian Empire

A major political entity in Central Europe that was influenced heavily by the outcomes of the Congress of Vienna.

Feudalism

A social and economic system of medieval Europe where land was owned by lords and worked by peasants.

Land Redistribution

The process of reallocating land from landowners to those who do not own land, often seen in revolutionary contexts.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of conflicts involving Napoleon's French Empire and various coalitions of European nations.

Cultural Heritage

The legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society inherited from past generations.

Political Institutions

Structures of a political system, such as legislatures, executives, and courts, that govern and shape society.

Economic Competition

Rivalry among businesses or countries for market share and economic dominance.

Public Opinion

The collective preferences and attitudes of citizens concerning matters of government and public policy.

National Identity

A person's sense of belonging to a nation, typically associated with a shared culture, language, and history.

Collective Security

An arrangement among nations to protect one another against aggression.

Decentralization

The distribution of authority and responsibility away from a central authority.

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

A major conflict over the succession of the Habsburg throne, involving many European powers.

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

The North American theater of the Seven Years' War, leading to French territorial losses in North America.

Territorial Changes

Alterations in the political borders of states as a result of treaties, wars, or negotiations.

Diplomatic Relations

The established connections between countries for the purpose of managing foreign affairs.

Political Ideologies

Systems of thought that provide a framework for political beliefs and policies.

Civic Duty

The responsibilities of citizens to contribute to the workings and governance of their political community.

Royal Monarchy

A government structure where a single ruler exercises supreme authority, often justified by tradition or divine right.

Civil Society

The aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that represent the interests and will of citizens.

Export Economy

An economic structure heavily reliant on selling goods and services to foreign countries.

Industrialization

The process of developing industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

Social Change

Significant alteration of social structures and cultural patterns over time.

Exploitation

Using someone or something unfairly for one's own advantage, often in the context of labor and resources.

Collective Action

Actions taken together by a group of people to achieve a common goal.

International Trade

The exchange of goods and services between countries.

Bourgeoisie

The social class that is primarily concerned with property values and capitalism.

Proletariat

The working class, typically referring to those who do not own the means of production.

Nationalism and Liberalism

Two ideologies emerging from the Enlightenment that shaped modern nations and influenced revolutions.

Economic Systems

The means by which countries organize economic activities and resources.

Power Dynamics

The ways in which power is distributed and exercised within a society or organization.

Secularization

The process of becoming less influenced by religion; often associated with modernity.

Civic Rights

Rights associated with being a citizen, often translated into political rights such as voting or representation.

Cultural Change

The evolution of a society's cultural practices, beliefs, and values over time.

Historical Context

The political, social, cultural, and economic environment surrounding a specific event or period.

Ideological Changes

Shifts in the fundamental ideas or beliefs that inform political and social systems.

Public Sphere

The arena of social life where public opinion can be formed and expressed.

Historical Narratives

Stories and interpretations based on historical events, which shape collective memory.

Oppression and Resistance

The dynamics involved in the subjugation of populations and the movements that arise against that subjugation.

Feudal Relationships

The social, economic, and political ties that defined medieval society, based on land ownership and obligations.

Historical Evolution

The gradual development of societies and cultures over time, shaped by various factors.