Jackson-Slavery

Describe Henry Clay’s American System.

• 2nd bank of the US to create a depository for federal funds and enable credit availability in much of the country

• Protective tariff to promote industry

• Investing in internal improvements to develop profitable markets for agriculture

What major war was James Madison president during?

The War of 1812

What was the War of 1812?

• US vs Great Britain

• Many small interactions between the British and the US have increased tensions, but nothing big enough for a war

• The Federalists oppose the war because they are losing money

• The British burn down D.C., and then they want to go to Philadelphia

  • The Americans know this, and set up camp at Fort McHenry near Baltimore

  • The British bombard the fort, but are unsuccessful

  • No one wins, but the US benefits

What is impressment?

British would use force to make American sailors joining the British army

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

Monroe doesn’t want Europe to come back to the Americas, so he delivers a speech saying he did not want European powers interfering with the Western Hemisphere.

What is Manifest Destiny?

Belief that America should stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific (western civilization expands west)

Why did people want to move west?

Economic opportunity in the form of land

Describe the differences in the “four corners” of the US.

• South: increased slavery

• North: increased industry

• West: poorer people who have an increased sense of democracy

• East: richer people who have an increased aristocracy

What was the Missouri Compromise?

Missouri wants to be a state, but since slavery was established there, adding it to the US would throw off the balance of slave states and free states in the house. Henry Clay proposed that Missouri is added as a slave state, and we admit Maine as a free state. We also prohibit slavery in the rest of the northern part of the Louisiana territory. This is one of the main compromises that leads to the Civil War.

What was the Adams-Onis Treaty?

Treaty that gave the US Florida (from Spain)

Why does voting increase during this time period?

• Education improves

• Campaign methods become more exciting

• Newspaper circulation increased

• Voting requirements become more inclusive (all white men)

What was the Corrupt Bargain?

Electoral college votes are pretty much even in the 1824 election. Henry Clay is running and he is also speaker of the House. He endorses Adams even though Jackson won the popular vote, causing Adams to win. Adams runs again in the next election, and is CRUSHED by Jackson

Who was Andrew Jackson?

• Teen during the American Revolution

• Led troops at the battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812

• He fought Britain twice, and won

Describe what happened in the Mexican-American War.

• Polk sends troops led by Zachary Taylor down to Texas to protect the border

• Mexicans see this as an invasion and shoot at American soldiers

• Polk uses this as justification to go to war which Abraham Lincoln opposed

• The war ends in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo which gives America LOTS of land

• This creates sectional tension because the southerners want to expand slavery to that land, but that will throw off balance in the house

What was the Bank War?

• Jackson opposed the Bank of the US and was concerned about the validity of paper money.

• Jackson vetoed the Bank recharter bill, and established a so-called “bank war”. he moved federal funds to banks to loyal state banks called “pet banks”

  • This caused an economic depression

• He fired and replaced members of his cabinet who disagreed with him

What was the Spoils System?

• System that rewarded people who voted for Jackson with jobs, and fired those who didn’t

• Jackson gave jobs to loyal democrats

• He also rotated people every year

What was the Nullification Crisis and Compromise?

• A high tariff (the Tariff of Abomination) was passed by Congress that angered southern states because they felt in only benefited the industrial north

• Led to the Doctrine of Nullification which stated that states can nullify federal laws that they believe are unconstitutional

  • Jackson HATED this doctrine, and wanted Congress to let him use federal troops to enforce federal laws (called the Force Act)

• He calls South Carolina treasonous and sends troops to the states while Henry Clay negotiates with South Carolina to lower the tariff.

What was the American System and Maysville Road Veto?

• Initially, Jackson loved the American System, but he grew to hate it

• He vetoed a bill to aid the Maysville road in Kentucky, as well as following bills which haltered internal improvement spending

• This was a very contradictory presidency to Jefferson’s

What was the Market Revolution?

Rise in innovations, an industrial revolution. People increasingly bought and sold goods rather than making them.

What kicks off the market revolution?

Henry Clay’s American System because of its improved transportation

What were the effects of the Market Revolution?

• The economy becomes increasingly interconnected

• Society increasingly divides over slavery

• A middle class emerges in the north (not possible in the south)

• North becomes more diverse while the south’s only diversity comes from slavery

• Women in children gain opportunities to work, but only in the north

Describe the invention of railroads and its impact.

• At first, they are very unsafe

• Tracks are not standardized, but they become standardized shortly

• Railroads became the most cheap, easy, and effective transportation in front of canals. They moved faster and could go uphill.

Describe the invention of the cotton gin and its impact.

• Invented by Eli Whitney

• Allows a speedier cleaning of cotton

• Increases slavery

• North benefits as well since they can make more products out of southern harvested cotton

Describe the invention of interchangeable parts and its impact.

• Invented by Eli Whitney

• Identical components that can be used in place of one another

• Things become cheaper to make and buy

• Textile factory in Lowell Massachusetts is created that allows girls to work in the mill

  • This allows them to gain money and independence and promoted women’s suffrage

Describe the antebellum south.

• Economic power shifts to the lower south

• Very slow development of industrialization

• Slaves were dehumanized, separated from their families, denied education, physically and emotionally punished, and forced to do manual labor

Describe forms of resistance slaves would use in the south.

• Mostly nonviolent

• Sabotage/breaking labor machines

• Secret meetings

• Spirituals

• Reading and writing

• Running away

• Revolts don’t work and end up increasing the strictness of laws

Describe Gabriel’s Rebellion.

• Rebellion led by Gabriel Prosser, a blacksmith who was enslaved in the Richmond area

• Information regarding the revolt was leaked before it could be executed

• He and 35 followers were taken and hanged in punishment

• It did not work, but the network it created scared slave owners

Describe Nat Turner’s Rebellion.

• Nat Turner was an enslaved man who taught himself to read the bible

• Believed God instructed him to lead his people to fight for freedom

• Killed >60 people before local militia caught him and his followers

• He and his associates were executed

• Resulted in more rights being taken away from the enslaved

What were the general effects of slave rebellions?

• White southerners had an increased fear of the enslaved

• The idea of abolition decreases in the south

• Fugitive Slave Law is passed: states that slaves that flee to the north must be returned

• More laws are passed to end literacy, ban meeting in groups, or being out after dark

What was the northern argument about slavery during the Industrial Revolution?

It was inefficient compared to capitalism and it was immoral

Describe “Slavery Justified”.

• Book by George Fitzhugh

• Contrasted happiness of slaves with “northern wage slaves”

• Argued that slaves had a better life than those working in the north

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

• Allowed for Kansas and Nebraska to vote on if they enter the union as a free state or slave state

• Effectively gets rid of the Missouri Compromise

• This decision led to lots of bloody fighting against pro and anti slavery groups (essentially a mini civil war)

What is Transcendentalism?

• A philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human beings and nature

• Believed intuition was the highest form of knowledge

• Self-reliance, transcending above societal corruption

Who was Frederick Douglas?

• Man born a slave, purchases his freedom, and worked closely with Abraham Lincoln in the future

• Incredibly brilliant man

Who was William Lloyd Garrison?

• Wrote “The Liberator”, a pro-abolition newspaper

• Believed women and people of color were equal to white men

  • Holding “The Liberator” in South Carolina was illegal

Who was Harriet Tubman?

• Born a slave, but escapes to freedom

• Led the Underground Railroad