Discrimination and Exclusion Lecture Notes

Flashcards covering definitions and key concepts related to discrimination, exclusion, prejudice, intolerance, xenophobia, and hate speech.

What categories are often used as the basis for discrimination and exclusion?

Race, Ethnicity, Nation, Religion and Gender

According to Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, what rights are all human beings entitled to?

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set out without distinction of any kind, in particular as to race, colour or national origin.

Define discrimination according to the International Labour Organisation, Convention on Discrimination, Employment and Occupation, 1958.

Any distinction, exclusion or preference made on the basis of race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin, which has the effect of nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation.

According to the Convention against Discrimination in Education, what does discrimination include?

Any distinction, exclusion, limitation or preference based on race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, economic condition or birth, that impairs equality of treatment in education.

What did the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination affirm?

The necessity of speedily eliminating racial discrimination throughout the world in all its forms and manifestations and of securing understanding of and respect for the dignity of the human person.

What is the Inter-American Convention Against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance?

Discrimination shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference, in any area of public or private life, the purpose or effect of which is to nullify or curtail the equal recognition, enjoyment, or exercise of one or more human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in the international instruments applicable to the States Parties.

Where does prejudice originate?

In the mind, as a negative attitude towards people based on their group membership and unfounded opinions.

What is stereotyping/generalizing?

Making an unfair assumption or generalization about a person or group of people based on an aspect of their identity e.g., race, culture, religion, or gender.

How are Stereotypes defined?

Represent the cognitive component of mental representations or attitudes as an antipathy based on faulty and inflexible generalization, directed toward a group or individual due to their group membership.

What is Direct Discrimination?

Characterized by the intent to discriminate against a person or a group. E.g.: no jobs to indigenous people or no flat rental to migrant people.

What is Indirect Discrimination?

Refers to situations where seemingly neutral rules, provisions, or procedures in practice produce disproportionate disadvantages for one category of individuals or groups, compared to others.E.g.: national laws, which spirit comes from morality or meritocratic ideas.

Define Multiple or aggravated discrimination.

Any preference, distinction, exclusion, or restriction based simultaneously on two or more criteria, with the objective or result of nullifying or curtailing equal rights and freedoms.

What does intolerance entail?

An action or set of actions or expressions that denote disrespect, rejection, or contempt for the dignity, characteristics, convictions, or opinions of persons for being different or contrary.

What is exclusion?

Situation in which certain groups or individuals are marginalized or maintain limited access to the resources and opportunities available to the rest of society. Exclusion can be social, political and economic.

What is oppression?

Systematic domination and control that one group exercises over another, limiting their freedoms, rights and opportunities.

Define Xenophobia

Attitudes, prejudices and behaviour that reject, exclude and often vilify persons, based on the perception that they are outsiders or foreigners to the community, society or national identity.

Define Hate Speech

Any kind of communication in speech, writing or behaviour, that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language with reference to a person or a group on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, colour, descent, gender, or other identity factor.

Define Incitement

When inflammatory speech inspires one audience to harm another person or group. It inspires action.