Quiz : L8 Learning pt 1,2&3

Behaviorism

A psychological approach that focuses on observable behavior and dismisses internal mental processes.

Mentalism

A psychological perspective that emphasizes internal mental states and processes, often associated with Freud.

Conditioning

The process by which behavior is learned through association; includes classical and operant conditioning.

Objective and Observable Phenomena

Focus of behaviorism on what can be seen and measured, rejecting unobservable mental processes.

Falsifiability

The capacity for a theory to be proven false; an essential criterion for scientific theories.

John Watson

The founder of behaviorism who advocated for a scientific approach to psychology.

Behaviorist Manifesto (1913)

A declaration that established psychology as a natural science focused on predicting and controlling behavior.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A natural and unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

An originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned.

Law of Temporal Contiguity

The principle that for conditioning to occur, the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus must be presented close together in time.

Acquisition

The initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened.

Generalization

The tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli.

Discrimination

The ability to distinguish between different stimuli and respond only to the conditioned one.

Extinction

The weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.

Little Albert Experiment

A study conducted by Watson and Rayner that conditioned fear responses in a child using classical conditioning.

Taste Aversion

A learned avoidance of a particular food or taste that occurs after a negative experience with that food.

Operant Conditioning

A type of conditioning where behavior is modified by its consequences, including reinforcement and punishment.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

Positive Punishment

Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

Negative Punishment

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

Skinner Box

A controlled environment used to study operant conditioning in animals.

Shaping of Behavior

Gradually reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior.

Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcement that occurs every time a desired behavior is exhibited, leading to faster learning.

Intermittent Reinforcement

Reinforcement that occurs sporadically, making behaviors more resistant to extinction.

Ethical Concerns of the Little Albert Experiment

Concerns regarding harm and the lack of attempts to reverse conditioning in the study.

Nurture Side of Nature vs. Nurture Debate

The idea that behavior is primarily developed through experiences and environmental factors.

Modern Behaviorism

A contemporary approach that includes recognition of internal states and acknowledges biological constraints on learning.

Therapeutic Implications

Applications of conditioning principles in therapy, such as counter conditioning and systematic desensitization.