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Memory
Learning that persists over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Alzheimer’s Disease
Severely damages the brain and in the process strips away memory
Super-recognizes
Display an extraordinary face-recognition ability
Recall
Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time
Recognition
Identifying items previously learned
Relearning
Learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time
Overlearning
Additional rehearsal of verbal information
Encode
Get information into our brain
Storage
Retain the encoded information over time
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of the memory storage
Parallel processing
Processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem.
Connectionism
An information processing model, that views memories as products of interconnected neural networks.
Sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short term memory
Briefly activated memory of a few items (such as digits of a phone number while calling) that is later stored or forgotten.
Long-term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experiences
Working Memory
A stage where short-term memories combine with long-term memories
Explicit(declarative) memories
Facts and experiences we can consciously know and “declare”
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency and a familiar or well learned information, such as sound, smells, and word meanings
Implicit(nondeclarative) memories
Retention of learn skills or classically condition associations, independent of conscious recollection.
Iconic memory
A fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tents of a second
Echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere sounds and words can still be recalled within three or four seconds
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically
Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Testing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test enhanced learning
Shallow processing
Encodes on an elementary level such as words, letters, or a more intermediate level, a words sound; based on the structure or appearance of words
Deep processing
Encodes semantically, based on the meaning of the words. The deeper (more meaningful) the processing, the better our retention
Self-reference effect
The tendency to remember self-relevant information
Semantic memory
explicit memory of facts or general knowledge
Episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events
Hippocampus
a temporal lobe neural structure located in the limbic system; helps process explicit(conscious) memories
Memory Consolidation
The neural storage of a long-term memory
Cerebellum
Plays a key role in forming and storing implicit memories created by classical conditioning
Basal ganglia
Deep brain structures involved in motor movement, facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills.
Infantile amnesia
Inability to consciously remember events of the first four years of life
Amygdala
A brain structure involved in processing emotions and is critical for forming emotional memories.
Memory Trace
A lasting physical change as memory forms
Flashbulb memories
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Long-term potentiation(LTP)
An increase in nerve cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.
Priming
The awakening, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
Encoding specificity principle
The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
Context-dependent memory
Suggests that memory is enhanced when the environment during retrieval matches the environment during encoding.
State-dependent memory
What we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state
Mood-congruent memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s good or bad mood
Retrospective memory
Past memories
Prospective memory
Intended future actions
Serial Position effect
Our tendency to recall best the last(recency effect) and first(primacy effect) items in a list
Recency effect
Briefly recalling the last items especially quickly and well
Primacy Effect
When the recall is the best of the first items listed.
Anterograde amnesia
An inability form new memories
Retrograde amnesia
an inability to remember information from one’s past
Highly superior autobiographical memory
An extraordinary ability to recall detailed personal memories
Proactive(forward acting) interference
When prior learning disrupts your recall of new information
Retroactive(backward acting) interference
Occurs when new learning disrupts your recall of old information
Positive Transfer
When previously learned information often facilitates our learning of new information
Repression
The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
Reconsolidation
A process in which previously stored memories are potentially altered before being stored again
Misinformation effect
Occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information
Source Amnesia(source misattribution)
Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined
Deja vu
The eerie sense that, “I’ve experienced this before.”
