Bio 101 Chapter 7 Exam 2

Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes

Cells with a membrane bound nucleus

Prokaryotes

Cell without a membrane bound nucleus.

Organelles unique to eukaryotes

1. Nucleus

2. Lysosomes

3. Endoplasmic Reticulum

4. Golgi Apparatus

5. Mitochondria

6. Chloroplasts

Organelles that exist in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

1. Ribosomes

2. Cell membrane

Which organelles are unique to plant cells?

1. Cell Wall

2. Chloroplasts

Explain the endosymbiotic theory and the evidence supporting it.

Endo/Symbiotic

Inside/together-living

Proposes that the mitochondria and chloroplast were once free-living bacteria, and were engulfed by ancestor of modern eukaryotes and formed a mutually beneficial relationship. The evidence includes that mitochondria have double membranes which is constant with engulfing, and mitochondria have their own genomes.

Explain the differences between the 3 cytoskeletal elements and the role that each element plays in the function of the cell.

1. Microfilaments- Smallest, made of subunits

   1. Muscle Contraction

   2. Cytokinesis in animals

   3. Cytoplasmic streaming in plants

2. Intermediate Filaments- Middle

   1. help stabilize the cell and nucleus

3. Microtubules- Largest

   1. Large hollow tubes made of tubulin

   2. Develop a track for motor proteins to move along

Ribosomes

Factories for protein synthesis. They take the RNA information and make proteins (translation). Can be free floating or bound to the rough ER.

Prokaryotic internal photosynthetic membranes

Uses light to make energy or food

Cell Wall

In prokaryotes and plant cells its role is to protect the cell

What organelles are unique to animal cells

1. Lysosomes

2. Centrioles

3. Centrosomes

Nucleus

Stores and transmits information

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomal RNA

Nucleopores

Channels that allow stuff to get in and out of the nucleus. This includes Ribosomal RNA, transcription factors, and ATP.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

The site of synthesis, processing and storing.

Smooth ER

Has no ribosomes

-Makes lipids

-Stores calcium

Rough ER

Has Ribosomes

-Makes Proteins

-Adds tags to tell the proteins where to go

Golgi Apparatus

Protein processing, sorting, and shipping

Cis(faces nucleus) and trans ends(faces plasma membrane)

Modification and shipping of proteins made in the RER

Lysosomes

Recycling Centers found only in animal cells

Proton pumps result in a low internal pH making this very acidic which allows for the digestion of macromolecules

Vacuoles

Storage Centers in plant and fungal cells

Storage of water and ions

Peroxisomes

Site of Redox Reactions

Mitochondria

Power-Generating Stations

Generate ATP

Cite of cellular respiration

Chloroplasts

Sugar-manufacturing Centers in plants and algae

Site of photosynthesis