8th Grade 8.2 A Changing Society – Study Guide

These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms and definitions related to significant changes in American society during the late 1800s and early 1900s as discussed in the study guide.

Industrialization

The process of developing industries in a country or region, characterized by the growth of factories and increased production.

Immigration

The act of coming to live permanently in a foreign country, often motivated by better job opportunities or escaping hardship.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A tragic fire in 1911 that killed 146 workers, primarily young immigrant women, highlighting unsafe working conditions.

Sherman Antitrust Act

A 1890 law aimed at prohibiting monopolies and promoting competition in the marketplace.

Square Deal

The progressive reform policy of President Theodore Roosevelt, designed to ensure fair opportunities for all citizens.

Pure Food and Drug Act

A law requiring food and drug manufacturers to disclose ingredients and eliminate false advertising.

Ellis Island

The primary entry point for millions of immigrants to the United States, symbolizing hope and freedom.

Tenements

Crowded apartment buildings that offered limited living space and amenities, often housing the urban poor.

Nativism

An anti-immigrant sentiment that emerged among native-born Americans who feared job competition and cultural change from immigrants.

Chinese Exclusion Act

An 1882 law that restricted Chinese immigration, reflecting the period's growing nativist attitudes.

Progressive Movement

A social reform movement addressing issues caused by industrialization and urbanization, including women's suffrage and labor rights.

19th Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified in 1920 granting women the right to vote.

Hull House

A settlement house founded by Jane Addams aimed at providing services to the poor and aiding immigrants in their adjustment to American life.

Political Machines

Organizations that controlled political parties in cities, often exploiting immigrant communities for votes while engaging in corruption.