quiz 10

short-term memory

its a self activated memory that holds a few items briefly

sensory memory

is the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information into the memory system

iconic memory

is the momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

echoic memory

is the momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

long-term memory

is the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

procedural memory

is memory involved i automatic motor movement

flashbulb moments

vivid memories of an often emotionally significant moment or event

long-term potentiaton

an increase in neuron-firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation

retrieval cues

are other bits of spatial information that help recall memories from a web of neurons.

mood congruency

the tendency to recall memories that are consistent with ones current mood

serial-position effect

the tendency to remember the names or info the beginning or end of a list.

stereotype threat

a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group.

chunking

the organizing of information into familiar, manageable units.

mnemonics

memory aid, like acronyms, and other tricks we use to remember information.

spacing effect

the spacing of learning and relearning(review) information across several days or weeks rather than cramming the information.

testing effect

has been shown to be more effective than re-reading or cramming

Hermann Ebbinghuas

pioneered research regarding relearning, and analyzed memory data for patients finding that most information tended to drop off quickly, leaving one with less than 25% of their originally-learned knowledge after a month.

Anterograde amnesia

is the condition in which patients fail to develop new memories

retrograde amnesia

is the failure to retrieve old information from one’s past

unable to recall events that occurred before the development of amnesia

proactive interference

is the disruptive effect of prior learning recall of new information

retroactive interference

occurs when learning disrupts the recall of old information

misinformation effect

the incorporating of misleading information into one’s memory of account

Elizabeth Loftus

pioneered research on misinformation effect by working with eyewitness account in the legal system.

source amnesia

attributing an event or memory to the wrong source-occurs when our brains fail to retrieve a memory.

algorithm

a methodical, logical approach that guarantees solving a particular problem

Heuristics

are a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and educated-guesses to solve problems efficiently.

Wolfgang Koehler

pioneered insight research with his experiment on chimpanzees

insight

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

mental set

the tendency to approach a problem the same way

functional fixedness

a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used

intuition

is an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or though as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

Jonathan Haidt

decisions are based primarily on intuitive predispositions and rationalized after the fact

confirmation bias

profoundly misleads our judgements we tend to almost-exclusively use or remember information that confirms what we already believe, and readily dismiss information that runs counter to our intuitions.

belief perseverance

the clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

representative heuristics

may cause one to judge the likelihood of events or situations based on stereotypes, cause them to miss or dismiss relevant information.

availability heuristics

may also mislead us regarding memory as they cause us to estimate the likelihood of an event based on the availability in memory.

Dr. Steven Pinker

found that people believe violence and conditions are getting worse due to the prominence of headlines that feature shootings, terrorism riots, etc., but in actuality, all measures of violence, disorder and assault have dropped to all-time, historic lows

overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct

framing

is the wording or way an issue or question is posed

creativity

the ability produce novel and valuable ideas

convergent

is thinking that narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single, best solution

divergent thinking

takes place mainly in the frontal lobes on the right hemisphere

Expertise

a well-developed base of knowledge provides more building blocks with which to create novel ideas and uses

Imaginative thinking

having mastered a problem’s basic elements, we tend to redefine or explore it in a new way, allowing different perspectives

A venturesome personality

seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguities and risks, and perseveres by overcoming obstacles

Intrinsic motivation

being driven, interested in, or satisfied to constantly think about and analyze

A creative environment

support innovation, team-building, and communication

Noam Chomsky

discovered human beings are predisposed to grammatical structures

Broca’s area

the area in the left hemisphere that controls language expression

aphasia

the inability to understand or formulate language

babbling stage

which is a series of indiscernible sounds and noises

Phonemes

are any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another

Morphemes

are a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided

syntax

is the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Wernicke’s Area

Area of the brain that controls language production.