Ch. 21 -History

Causes of the Scientific revolution

Invention of telescope and microscope, rediscovery of ancient math findings, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton’s math works 

The Ptolemaic System

Geocentric system - places the earth at the center of the universe, universe is seen as a bunch of concentric spheres, Earth is fixed at the center, 10th sphere is prime mover, beyond 10th lies heaven

Ptolemy

 greatest astronomer of the antiquity (A.D 100’s)

Ptolemaic

Philosophers constructed a model of the universe (using Ptolemy and Aristotle and Christianity’s works) called the

Copernicus

published his book,  On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, a mathematician who thought the universe was sun centered (heliocentric)

Kepler

German mathematician, confirmed sun was at the center of the universe, laws of planetary motion, the orbits are elliptical

Galileo

First European to make observations of the heavens using a telescope, scientist who answered the question,  of what are the planets made? Destroyed Ptolemaic conception, church ordered him get rid of the Copernican idea, humans no longer at the center of the universe, god was no longer in a specific place in Copernican

Who’s discoveries include: mountains on Earth's moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, and sunspots?

Galileo

Newton

Most major work, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, known as the Principia

Defined three laws of motion , crucial to him was the universal law of gravitation, explains why plants continue orbit, talks about gravity

Galen

greek physician whose teaching dominated medicine in the late middle ages- anatomy

Andreas Vesalius

individual organs- contributed to the knowings of anatomy through dissection

William Harvey

heart and circulatory-  contributed to the knowings of anatomy through dissection

Blaise Pascal

experimented how liquids behaved under pressure- Pascal’s Law

Robert Boyle

 Boyle’s Law, works with properties of gasses in controlled experiments

Antoine Lavoisier

created system for naming elements still used today- founder of modern chemistry

Margaret Cavendish

a philosopher, wrote many scientific works including, Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy

Maria Winkelmann

an astronomer, Gottfreid Kirch’s wife and assistant, discovered a comet

Rene Descartes

french philosopher, brought a philosophical perspective to natural sciences, father of rationalism, mind and matter are seperate

Rationalism

”This system of thought is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.”

Scientific method

”a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence. “

Francis Bacon

believed that scientists should not rely on ideas of ancient people instead learn about nature by using inductive reasoning and empiricism.  "the true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this: that human life be endowed with new discoveries and powers." 

empiricism

the theory that says knowledge is achieved through observation”

 Enlightenment

 philosophical movement of intellectuals who wanted to use the achievements of the scientific revolution to improve society- reason, natural law, hope, progress- enlightenment terms

John Locke

argued that every person was born with a tabula rasa (blank mind), wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke suggested that every person is molded by their experiences

Newton

believed that the physical world and everything inside it was like a big “world machine” operating according to natural laws that can be uncovered through systematic investigation- one thing after another

philosophes

Intellectuals of the Enlightenment known as- ____ meaning philosopher

To the philosophers the role of philosophy was to

change the world The use of reason and a spirit of rational criticism were to be applied in everything

Montesquieu

Stated that England's gov had 3 branches- executive( the monarch), legislative (parliament), and judicial (courts of law) - gov. Functioned through a separation of powers - all branches limit and control each other in a system of checks and balances. Preventing a person or branch from gaining too much power. 

Voltaire

Numerous writings and criticism of Christianity brought him fame and made him well known-often challenged church views, championed deism (philosophy based on reason and natural law built on Newton's world machine. Universe is like a clock, god created it, set it in motion, and allowed it to run without interference according to natural laws. Argued against the catholic church

Diderot

His work “Encyclopedia” became a weapon against the old French society. Many of its articles attacked religious superstition and supported religious toleration. The book was sold to doctors, clergymen, teachers, and lawyers, the Encyclopedia spread Enlightenment ideas.

Adam Smith

has been viewed as the founder of the modern science of economics

• laissez-faire

• They said if all individuals were free to pursue their own economic self-interest, all society would benefit.

  • This became known by its French name .- Physiocrats created 

What were Smith’s 3 rules for gov. ?

First it should protect society from invasion. Second, the government should defend citizens from injustice. Third, it should keep up certain public works that private individuals alone could not afford.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

most famous philosophe- social contract

Social contract

 1762 by Rousseau explained the social contract, “the concept that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community”

Mary Wollstonecraft

(wrote under her own name and women can perform as well as men) as the founder of the modern European and American movements for women's rights.Since women have reason they are entitled to the same rights as men.

 Henry Fielding

(wrote about people with morals)

Salons

the elegant urban drawing rooms where, in the eighteenth century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes

Religion in the Enlightenment

many are critical of christianity but many are christians

Methodism was the work of …

John Wesley

Balthasar Neumann

One of the Greatest Architects.

Rococo

new artistic style. Replaced baroque.  Different from the baroque style. It emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action. 

Antoine Watteau

rococo painter

Franz Joseph Haydn

was an innovator who wrote classical music rather than the baroque music of Bach and Handel. Hayden spent most of his time being a musical director for rich princes. He wrote “The Creation” and “ The Seasons”

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

innovator  who wrote classical music rather than the baroque music of Bach and Handel. A child prodigy. He gave a concert at age 6 and wrote his first opera at 12. His works are “The Marriage of Figaro”, “The Magic Flute”, and “Don Giovanni”. 

Philosphes believed in

natural rights for all people

natural rights

These rights included equality before the law; freedom of religious worship; freedom of speech; freedom of the press; and the rights to assemble, hold property, and pursue happiness

Enlightened absolutism

In this system, rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers. “