Anatomy Review- Renal System

urinary tract

consists of the ureters, bladder, and urethra

kidney

either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes from the blood and excrete them and water in urine

peritoneum

the kidneys are located behind the ____ on either side of the spine

fat and connective tissue, capsule, cortex, medulla, papilla

kidney layers

renal capsule

outer layer of kidney made of fibrous tissue covering everywhere except the renal hilum

renal hilum

entry and exit point of vessels from the kidney

medulla

layer of the kidney made up of many pyramids

renal columns

cortical tissue in the kidney interior that separates the pyramids

papilla

medulla pyramid tips that drain into the collecting system

600-1300mL/min

how much blood does the kidney recieve per minute

nephron

the functional unit of the kidney that filters waste and water from the blood and produces urine

cortical nephrons

short nephrons that lie within the renal cortex. 80% of all nephrons

juxtamedullary nephrons

longer nephrons that dip into the medulla. 20% of all nephrons, they concentrate urine during low fluid intake.

peritubular capillaries, vasa recta

blood flows from the efferent arteriole to the ____ around the cortical nephrons, or to the _______ around the juxtamedullary nephrons

juxtaglomerular complex

cells in the afferent and efferent arterioles and the DCT that produce renin

renin

a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys; catalyzes the formation of angiotensin and thus affects blood pressure. it is secreted when the bp is low.

role of the kidney

to maintain the electrolyte-fluid and acid-base balance

125ml/min

normal GFR rate

dilated, constricted

the GFR will increase when the afferent arteriole is _____ and the efferent arteriole is ________

PCT and descending loop of henle

99% of water is reabsorbed in what area of the nephron

ADH and Aldosterone

hormones whose presence increases reabsorption in the DCT

transport maximum

the limit to the amount of glucose that can be reabsorbed

220mg/dL

transport maximum

renin, prostaglandins, erythropoietin, activated vitamin d

the hormonal function of the kidney is to produce....

prostaglandins

regulate glomerular filtration, kidney vascular resistance, renin production

erythropoietin

a glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys when oxygen levels are low that stimulates the production of red blood cells

ureters

connect the renal pelvis to the bladder

urothelium, smooth muscle, fibrous tissue

ureter layers

urothelium

inner lining of the mucus membrane

epithelial cells, detrusor muscle, outer lining

bladder layers

trigone

area between the points of ureteral entry

continence

voluntary control over urinary and fecal discharge

urination

autonomic reflex controlling detrusor contraction

urethral meatus

endpoint/opening of urethra