Unit 5 Prototypes

Sulfonamides

• Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole)

MOA: inhibit growth of bacteria

Indications: against gram negative & gram positive organisms, UTI, respiratory tract infection

Adverse Effects: allergic reaction, diarrhea, rashes

Contraindications: drug allergy

Penicillin

• Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Penicillin G & Penicillin V Potassium

MOA: inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis

Indications: gram positive bacteria ex; streptococcus, enterococcus & staphylococcus

Adverse Effects: urticaria, pruritus, angioedema

Contraindications: drug allergy

Cephalosporin’s

• 1st gen : Cefazolin

• 2nd gen : Cefoxitin

• 3rd gen : Ceftazidime

MOA: Bactericidal - interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis

Indications: gram positive, gram negative & anaerobic bacteria

Adverse Effects: rash, urticaria

Contraindications: drug allergy

Macrolides :

Azithromycin

Erythromycin

MOA: Bacteriostatic (inhibit protein synthesis) with high concentrations they are bactericidal

Indications: streptococcus/upper & lower respiratory infections

Adverse Effects: nausea, vomiting & GI bleed

Contraindications: drug allergy

Tetracycline’s :

Tetracycline

MOA: bacteriostatic (inhibit protein synthesis)

Indications: Chlamydia, mycoplasma, Rickettsia

Adverse Effects: discoloration of permanent teeth in fetus & children

Contraindications: drug allergy, pregnancy

Aminoglycosides :

Gentamicin

MOA: prevent protein synthesis in bacteria

Indications: gram negative infections & specific conditions with gram positive cocci

Adverse Effects: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity

Contraindications: drug allergy

Quinolones :

Ciprofloxacin

MOA: destroys bacteria by altering the DNA

Indications: gram negative & selected gram positive

Adverse Effects: headache, dizziness, increased liver levels, rash, urticaria

Contraindications: drug allergy

Acyclovir

• Antiviral

MOA: blocking the activity of a polymerase enzyme that normally stimulates the synthesis of new viral genomes

Indications: herpes, hepatitis, varicella

Adverse Effects: nausea, diarrhea, headache, burning when applied topically

Contraindications: drug allergy

Zidovudine

• Antiretroviral

MOA: reverse transcriptase inhibitors : block activity of the enzyme reverse transcriptase

Indications: HIV infection

Adverse Effects: bone marrow suppression, nausea, headache, weakness

Contraindications: drug allergy

Indinavir

• Antiretroviral

MOA: protease inhibitors : inhibit the protease retroviral enzyme

Indications: HIV infection

Adverse Effects: bone marrow suppression, nausea, headache, weakness

Contraindications: drug allergy

Isomiazid (INH)

MOA: inhibit protein synthesis, inhibiting cell wall synthesis

Indications: tuberculosis

Adverse Effects: liver toxicity

Contraindications: drug allergy, renal or liver dysfunction

Amphotericin-B :

Flucanazole

MOA: binding to sterols in the cell membranes of the fungi which results with death to the cell

Indications: fungal infections

Adverse Effects: hepatoxicity

Contraindications: drug allergy, liver failure, kidney failure

Metronidazole

Allopurinol

MOA: inhibition of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, prevents uric acid production

Indications: gout

Adverse Effects: aplastic anemia

Contraindications: drug allergy

Aspirin

MOA: relieve pain, headache, & inflammation by blocking the chemical activity of the enzyme called cycloxygenase (COX)

Indications: pain, fever and inflammation

Adverse Effects: GI problems - heartburn, nausea, vomiting & GI bleed

Contraindications: drug allergy, patients at risk for bleeding

Celecoxib-COX2

MOA: relieve pain, headache, & inflammation by blocking the chemical activity of the enzyme called cycloxygenase (COX)

Indications: pain, fever and inflammation

Adverse Effects: GI problems - heartburn, nausea, vomiting & GI bleed

Contraindications: drug allergy, patients at risk for bleeding

Ibuprofen

MOA: relieve pain, headache, & inflammation by blocking the chemical activity of the enzyme called cycloxygenase (COX)

Indications: pain, fever and inflammation

Adverse Effects: GI problems - heartburn, nausea, vomiting & GI bleed

Contraindications: drug allergy, patients at risk for bleeding

Cytarabine

• Antimetabolites

MOA: cell-cycle specific analogues that work by antagonizing the actions of key cellular metabolites

Indications: solid tumors & hematologic cancers

Adverse Effects: hair loss, nausea & vomiting, diarrhea and myelosupression

Contraindications: N/A

Methotrexate

• Antimetabolite

MOA: cell-cycle specific analogues that work by antagonizing the actions of key cellular metabolites

Indications: solid tumors & hematologic cancers

Adverse Effects: hair loss, nausea & vomiting, diarrhea and myelosupression

Contraindications: N/A

Cyclophosphamide

• Alkylating Drug

MOA: prevent cancer cells from reproducing

Indications: malignancies (solid & hematologic tumors)

Adverse Effects: hemorraghic cystitis

Contraindications: drug allergy

Doxorubicin

MOA: blocks DNA synthesis

Indications: solid tumors & hematologic malignancies

Adverse Effects: hair loss, nausea & vomiting, myelosuppresion

Contraindications: drug allergy

Mechlorethamine

• Alkylating Drug

MOA: prevent cancer cells from reproducing

Indications: malignancies (solid & hematologic tumors)

Adverse Effects: hemorraghic cystitis

Contraindications: drug allergy

Cyclosporine

MOA: suppress certain t-lymphocyte cell line

Indications: prevention of organ rejection

Adverse effects: hypertension, tremors

Contraindications: drug allergy, hepatic or renal failure, hypertension

Diphtheria Vaccine

MOA: vaccine & toxoids that are given intramuscularly to work by stimulating the humoral immune system

Indications: prevention of illness

Adverse effects: fever, rash, soreness at injection site, urticaria, convulsions, dyspnea

Contraindications: drug allergy, eggs or yeast allergy

Tetanus toxoids Vaccine

MOA: vaccine & toxoids that are given intramuscularly to work by stimulating the humoral immune system

Indications: prevention of illness

Adverse effects: fever, rash, soreness at injection site, urticaria, convulsions, dyspnea

Contraindications: drug allergy, eggs or yeast allergy

Acellular pertussis vaccine

MOA: vaccine & toxoids that are given intramuscularly to work by stimulating the humoral immune system

Indications: prevention of illness

Adverse effects: fever, rash, soreness at injection site, urticaria, convulsions, dyspnea

Contraindications: drug allergy, eggs or yeast allergy

Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin

MOA: vaccine & toxoids that are given intramuscularly to work by stimulating the humoral immune system

Indications: prevention of illness

Adverse effects: fever, rash, soreness at injection site, urticaria, convulsions, dyspnea

Contraindications: drug allergy, egg or yeast allergy

Influenza

MOA: vaccine & toxoids that are given intramuscularly to work by stimulating the humoral immune system

Indications: prevention of illness

Adverse effects: fever, rash, soreness at injection site, urticaria, convulsions, dyspnea

Contraindications: drug allergy, egg or yeast allergy

Varicella virus vaccine

MOA: vaccine & toxoids that are given intramuscularly to work by stimulating the humoral immune system

Indications: prevention of illness

Adverse effects: fever, rash, soreness at injection site, urticaria, convulsions, dyspnea

Contraindications: drug allergy, egg or yeast allergy