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analytical balance

measure mass accurately and precisely than the triple beam balance.

triple beam balance

is a pan balance use to measure mass precisely.

Dimensional Analysis

is a mathematical tool that allows one to convert units of measurement to another without affecting the measurement’s value.

derived units.

The unit of measurement for derived quantities is called

Derived quantities

come from the combination of fundamental quantities after a set of operations.

base units.

The unit of measurement for the fundamental quantities is called

Fundamental or basic quantities

are measurement where universal unit of expression must be indicated.

quantity.

A part or portion of an object that can be measured is referred to as

called International System of Measurements,

The modernized version of the metric system is called

The metric system

is the commonly used method of measurement.

referent

is a concrete object that approximates a measurement.

Measurement

is a quantitative observation that gives a precise description of “how much” and “of what” in a particular situation.

Tropical rainforest

are commonly located near the equator between the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn. Due to its location, this biome is warm, humid and receives constant rainfall.

Rafflesia arnoldii

also known as the stinking corpse flower due to its foul smell is also found in the tropical rainforest.

Lianas.

are climbing woody vines. These vines sprout in the forest floor but gradually hang on trees to get sunlight in the canopy.

Epiphytes

also known as air plants are plants that grow or attach other plants typically trees. They grow on branches or trunks to take advantage of the sunlight in the canopy. They get most of their nutrients from air and water.

vertical layering

Tropical rainforests are known for their

dense

The vegetation in the tropical rainforests is

Rainforests

the oldest existing biomes of the planet. It covers 6% of the Earth’s surface area.

Tropical Rainforest

is the home to more than half of the world's plant and animal species.

Desert

are distributed in bands near 30° north and south latitude or at other latitudes in the interior of continents.

burrowing and camouflage,

The two most common animal defense adaptations in grasslands are

South American Pampas

These are green fertile plains covering an area of 300,000 sq. miles from the Atlantic Ocean to the Andes mountains. This is primarily found in Argentina, and spreads to Uruguay.

Savanna

is a tropical grassland with a year-round warm temperatures and heavy seasonal rainfall in the summer. It is characterized by grasses and small, scattered trees not forming a closed canopy that enables the sun to reach the ground.

steppe

is a dry, arid plain. It occurs in temperate climes between the tropics and the polar regions. Temperate regions with cold winters and warm summers present distinct variations in seasonal temperatures.

Prairies

are wide open grasslands with low temperatures, heavy rainfall and very few trees. This type of grassland is like the golden wheat-covered land in the center of North America.

Pampas

Grasslands in South America

Savannas

Grassland in Africa

Steppes

Grassland in Asia

Prairies

Grassland in North America

grasslands.

Regions in the temperate and tropical zones that receive between 25 cm and 75 cm of precipitation annually and are inhabited by climax communities of various types of grasses are called

grasses and shrubs.

The grassland biome has two primary types of plants:

deciduous forest

is a tree-dominated biome which seasonally loses its leaves.

Mosses and lichens

usually hang from the trees and covers the ground.

Deciduous forest

has five layers of plant growth.

Deciduous forests

are most remarkable as they undergo four seasons. e

Coniferous trees

are conical in shape with their branches pointing downwards like inverted ice cream cone. It is a very significant feature that lets the snow slip off the slanted branches rather than being collected in the branches and may add to the weight which leads to breaking off stems and branches.

Leaf retention

Most trees in the temperate zone lose their leaves annually especially when winter comes. Unlike other trees, conifers retain their needle-like leaves throughout the winter season and keep it all year long.

Leaf color

Spruce and fir needles are usually dark green in color. This color helps the plants absorb greatest amount of energy from the sun for photosynthesis.

Neddle leaves

have minimal surface area to prevent water loss (transpiration) because the stomatal openings are positioned on the underside of the needle, underneath a waxy cuticle. The waxy coat also protects the leaves from harsh and cold winds.

Conifers

Most plants have a shallow and wide- spreading root system,

Taiga plants

Most plants have a shallow and wide- spreading root system,

prevailing winds

blows mostly from a single direction.

dry season

season in the Philippines from December to May.

Southwest monsoon or Hanging Habagat

During wet season, rainfall is high at region affected by

Land Breeze.

In contrast, during nigh time, water is warmer than land because temperature decreases faster over land than over water, as a result, air above water heats up and rises and wind will blow from the land to the sea and this is also known as

ellipsoid

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2018), stated that the Earth appears to be spherical when seen from the vantage point of space, it is like an

insolation

The solar radiation that the Earth receives is called _____which is between the 23.5° North (tropic of Cancer) and 23.5° South (tropic Capricorn) since most of the sun’s rays strike between these latitudes.

insolation

At higher latitude, the sun’s rays strike at oblique or lower angle which causes

climate and weather

Uneven heating or differential heating of the Earth greatly produced Earth’s __________ which also determines the types of ecosystem in a certain region of the Earth.

Weather

is described as atmospheric conditions for a short time.

Climate

refers to the long-term, predictable atmospheric conditions of a specific area.

Climate

is the most important factor in the distribution of terrestrial and aquatic life.

temperature, rainfall, wind, and sunlight.

There are four significant components of climates:

macroclimates, microclimates

Climate patterns are described in two scales:

macroclimates

are the patterns of climate in global, regional and site level

microclimates

are localized variations of climate, such as the observable microhabitat population of species underneath the fallen log.

Global climate patterns

are determined by the Earth’s motions and insolation.

Global air circulation and precipitation

are initiated by insolation near the equator.

Orographic effect.

warm and moist air coming from the coastal area rises, cools, and condenses on the windward slope of the mountain and produces adequate amounts of rain and this phenomenon is also known as

Rain shadow effect.

dry air descends on the leeward slope of the mountain and produces a desert-like region also known as

Ocean surface current

is a major factor that influences global climate since it distributes heat around the Earth by heating or cooling the air above it.

Sea Breeze

overlying air on the land heats up and rises since land is warmer than the water, as a result, wind will blow from the sea to the land and it is also known as

Microclimate.

An area with a distinct climate that varies from its surrounding is called

the Köppen climate system.

More than a century ago Wladimir Koppen established

TROPICAL CLIMATES

Characterized as warm and moist zone. The average temperatures are above 18°C and the amount of rain is more than 150 cm each year.

DRY OR ARID CLIMATES

In this region moisture from air is swiftly evaporated and has little amount of rain which makes these zones as dry or arid.

TEMPERATE CLIMATES

mesothermal climates maintain mild annual temperatures. This type of climate can be divided into three: Mild temperate dry summer (Cs), Mild Temperate dry winter (Cw), and Mild temperate humid (Cf).

CONTINENTAL CLIMATES

this zone has warm to cool summer and very cold winters. During winter temperature drops below -30°C and it can undergo snowstorms and strong winds. This climate can be divided further to: Continental dry summers (Ds), Continental dry winters (Dw), and Continental humid (Df).

POLAR CLIMATES

throughout the year this zone is extremely cold, and the temperature is always lower than 10°C even in summer. This climate can be divided into: Tundra (ET) and Ice Cap (EF).

Rotation

refers to the daily motion of the Earth on its axis - an imaginary line that passes through the Earth’s center from the North to South Poles Earth rotates from west to east or counterclockwise.

23.5 degrees

Relative to its plane of revolution Earth’s rotation is tilted by

Coriolis Effect.

Because of Earth’s rotation the flow of air and water are diverted from north-south direction to an east-west direction called

Revolution

describes the annual motion of the Earth around the Sun.

Ellipse or Ecliptic Plane.

Earth orbits around the sun in a slightly flattened circle called an

perihelion.

When Earth is closest to the sun it is called

aphelion

When Earth is farthest from the sun it is called

equinox

When there is an equal length of day and night in the northern and southern hemisphere it is called

solstice

If there is more sunlight on half of the hemisphere than on the other hemisphere it is called

Summer solstice

occurs when the North Pole is positioned leaning 23.5o toward the Sun, the sun is directly overhead at noon at Tropic of Cancer and the day is longer than the night in the northern hemisphere.

Winter solstice occurs.

When the sun is directly overhead at noon at the Tropic of Capricorn, the South Pole is positioned leaning 23.5o toward the Sun and the

Equinox

occurs when the Northern Hemisphere, neither pole is tilted toward or away from the Sun. Regardless of latitude, the day lengths on both hemispheres is 12 hours.

summer in the Northern Hemisphere and winter in the Southern Hemisphere.

The Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun near June 21st of the year, the sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer which means it is

Wet season

starts from June and ends toward November of the year and it is described as the rainy season since air is hot and humid which brings heavy rains and thunderstorms.

Northeast monsoon or Hanging Amihan

Dry season in the Philippines is affected by

located near the equator.

The Philippines receives vertical rays of sunlight since it is

Habagat at Amihan

are the prevailing winds in the Philippines.

Tundra

It is known as the youngest biomes formed about 10, 000 years ago. This place is very cold and if you can observe there are no trees.

Tundra

is one of the six (6) terrestrial biomes and is the coldest of the biomes.

Tundra

is also characterized with low precipitation that falls mainly as snow or melting snow and ice with most of it falling during summer months as rain.

arctic tundra

which is in the Northern hemisphere, receives approximately 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) of precipitation each year.

Alpine tundra

receives higher amount of precipitation than arctic tundra, around 30 cm (almost 12 inches).

Permafrost

One important characteristic of the Arctic tundra is the continuous

loss of leaves and flowers.

Plants become dormant during winter. This means that they delay photosynthesis through

herbaceous or non-woody stem plants.

Common plant life in the tundra are

group together

Tundra plants tend to _________ to maintain warmth by trapping heat and will not freeze even during winter.

Arctic willow and Pasque flowers

Several plants have dense hairs in different parts of stems, leaves, and even flowers help to trap warm air around the plant and block strong winds for protection just like the

Taiga soil

is characterized as acidic, mineral- poor, and has a layer of partly decomposed conifer needles at the surface.

Taiga

it is termed as Boreal or Coniferous forest. This biome is the largest among the terrestrial biomes for it covers approximately 11% of the Earth’s land.