Public Health Final

What is an example of household air pollution?

smoke and soot from open fires can cause eye, skin and respiratory problems

What is diabetes?

“Condition that impairs the body’s ability to process blood glucose and metabolize sugar, a function that is normally controlled by the hormone insulin.”

What is Cystic fibrosis?

hereditary disease that causes mucus that can obstruct the lungs

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

ongoing obstruction of bronchial tubes or alveoli

What is Asthma?

Inflammation of the airways, creating difficulty of carrying of air in and out of the lungs

What is Chronic Respiratory Diseases?

“Disease of the airways and other parts of the lung”

What is the difference between malignant vs benign cancer tumor?

A malignant tumor is that invades its surrounding tissue and benign tumor is something that does not spread

What is Hemorrhagic stroke?

causes by a rupture of a blood vessel supplying the brain

What is Ischemic stroke?

caused by blockage of a blood vessel supplying the brain

What are the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases?

High blood cholesterol and hypertension

What is high blood cholesterol?

a well-known risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart disease

What is hypertension?

A major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, especially stroke, contributing to the injury in the artery walls that is apart of atherosclerosis

Where do most of cardiovascular diseases take place?

Over 75% of these deaths take place in low-income and middle-income countries

Cardiovascular diseases account for how many global deaths?

30% of global deaths (when stroke is included)

What is congenital heart disease?

malformations of heart structure that exist since birth

What is Coronary Heart Disease?

major blood vessels that supply the heart (coronary arteries) struggle to send enough blood oxygen, and nutrients to the heart muscle

What is Atherosclerosis?

Hardening of the arteries, is part of the development of cardiovascular disease

What are cardiovascular diseases?

Class of diseases that involved the heart of blood vessels

Describe characteristics of non-communicable diseases?

Complex etiology

Multiple risk factors

Long latency period

non-contagious origin

Prolonged course of illness

Result in functional impairment or disability

What are non-communicable diseases?

“Chronic conditions that do not result from a direct transmission of the disease or an (acute) infectious process”

Using DALYs, the burden of diseases that cause premature death but little disability (such as drowning or measles) can be compared to what?

to that of diseases that do not cause death but do cause disability (such as cataract causing blindness)

DALYs for a disease or health condition are

the sun of the years of life lost to due to premature mortality and the years lived with a disability due to prevalent cases of the disease of health condition in a population

What does One DALY represent?

The loss of the equivalent of one year of full health

Describe Disability Adjusted Life Year

It is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the cumulative number of years lost due to ill-health disability or early death

What is the “Dual burden” of disease?

Infectious diseases still a major cause of diseases but chronic diseases are rising quickly

What are examples of emerging infections?

Examples include: COVID-19, Ebola, SARS, H1N1

Public Health is a

victim of its own success (lead to new threats)

What are some challenges for Public Health in the 21st Century?

Rebuilding infastructure, Human systems, and finances, emerging infections, Dual burden of disease, disparities

What is FEMA and what is their role?

An agency of the US Department of Homeland Security that helps people, during, and after disasters

What is Bioterrism?

The intentional release \[or threat of release\] of biological agent to cause harm or death to humans to destroy food sources or live stock, or to terrorize a population or achieve a political aim and can be be hidden or publicly announced or key to containment is rapid identification and reporting

What is the impact of climate change on human health?

The marginalized and vulnerable are always the most negatively affected by unwelcomed social change such as shifts in climate

Explain the major air pollutant: sulfur dioxide

combustion of sulfur containing fuels, especially coal

irritation of respiratory tracts

acid rain

Potential for causing respiratory damage

Levels have declined by 91% between 1980 and 2018

Explain the major air pollutant: carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is a highly toxic gas

Most is produced in motor vehicle exhaust

Harmful to patients with cardiovascular disease

It causes headaches and impairs mental processes

Explain the major air pollutant: Ozone

A highly reactive variant of oxygen

produced by sunlight acting on other air pollutants

Irritates eyes and respiratory system

Increases mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases

Ambient air pollution: PM10 vs PM 2.5, which is more dangerous?

PM 2.5: particles smaller than 2.5 micro meters (more dangerous as it has smaller diameter)

Explain Recycling/Resource Recovery

Reduced the amount of waste that must be put in land fills

Explain Sanitary Landfills

require wastes to be confined in a sealed area and a properly designed landfill starts with an appropriate site, dry and consist of solid clay soil

Explain Municipal Solid Waste

includes durable goods, containers and packaging, food scraps, yard trimmings, and miscellaneous in organic wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources

Explain why there is a lack of sanitation

Americans dispose of about 260 million tons of municipal solid waste each year

Explain the Clean Water Act

Sets national goals that lakes and rivers should be “fishable” and “swimmable” and that all pollutant discharged should be eliminated

point source pollution: first attempt at cleaning up the nation’s waterways and well-defined locations that discharge pollutant into lakes and rivers

Nonpoint-source pollution: threat to water quality and contaminants come from stormwater runoff from farmland, construction sites, and urban streets

What is the SAfe Drinking Water Act of 1974?

required the EPA to set standards for local water systems and mandated that states enforce these standards

What is the Water Crisis in Flint Michigan?

in 2014, the city’s state-appointed emergency manager switched the source of drinking water away from Detroit’s system to the Flint River

September, the Flint River’s more acidic water was corroding the lead pipes that carried water to the city, causing lead levels in the public water supply to spike

Solution: simple and cheap, add readily available anti corrosion chemicals to the water

City administrators overlooked this action

By June 2015, the EPA found out, but it wasn’t till seven months later

January 2016, the EPA issued an emergency order to address the water crisis

Legionnaire’s disease outbreak occurred at the same time and killed 12 people in the city

What are examples of unclean water?

Arsenic Poisoning in Bangladesh, Water Crisis in Flint, Michigan

What are the Major Environmental Risk Factors?

Unclean water

Lack of Sanitation

Household air pollution

Ambient Air pollution

Lead exposure

Occupational Hazards

What is the 4-step risk assessment process?

Hazard Identification

Bose-Response Assessment

Exposure Assessment

Risk Characterization

Since Environmental heath is the responsibility of the government, what do they ensure?

The government provides direct services by setting standards and regulating how services should be provided

What does Environmental health focuses on?

on the relationships between people and their environment, promotes human health and well-being, fosters healthy and safe communities, and a key part of a comprehensive public health system

What is Environmental Health?

“focuses on the relationships between people and their environment, promotes human health and well-being, fosters healthy and safe communities, and is a key apart of a comprehensive public health system.”

What is Type 1 diabetes?

Has its onset in childhood where the pancreas produces little or no insulin

What is type 2 diabetes?

high blood sugar and impaired insulin production and resistance

What is pre-diabetes?

high blood sugar, but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes

What is gestational diabetes?

first seen during pregnancy, leading to complications like high birthweight babies

90% of all adult causes are Type 2, which is caused by what?

Modifiable risk factors

What are chronic neurological diseases?

“Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems”

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

Irreversible, progressive that compromises memory and cognition

What are the other forms of Dementia?

Deterioration of memory, thinking, behavior, and ability to perform daily activities

What is caused by vascular constriction or dilation?

Migraines and other headaches

Alzheimer’s Disease is currently ranked as

the 7th leading cause of death in the US

Where is focus on Chronic neurological disease?

On secondary and tertiary prevention because etiology is less clear than other non-communicable diseases

What age groups are most affected with depression in the most recent years?

Ages 16-19

Ages 20-21

Ages 22-25

What is the epidemiological transition?

The pattern of mortality and disease in a population that is transformed from one of high mortality among infants and children and episodic famine and epidemics affecting all age groups to one of degenerative and human made diseases

What else does the epidemiological transition describes?

“changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death”

What does it mean by the double burden of disease?

The coexistence of communicable and noncommunicable or chronic diseases

What does Double Burden of Disease often pose what?

Often poses a special challenge to developing countries

What are genetic diseases?

Majority are caused by defects that are not visible under a microscope and are best known and understood are caused by a defect in a single gene inherited more or less according to classical Mendelian genetics

What is the Autosomal dominant disorder?

This happens when the presence of a single copy is sufficient to cause the disease and the affected person will transmit that gene, on average to half of their children

What are autosomal recessive disorders?

Are not obvious unless the individual inherits two copies of the gene

What are X-linked disorders?

Caused by a defective gene on the female-sex chromosome, called the X0chromosome, examples include hemophilia and Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

What are the criteria for ideal screening programs?

Disease

Test

Treatment

Cost

Culture

Explain the ideal screening programs for disease?

The disease produced substantial death/and or disability

Explain the ideal screening programs for test?

the testing strategy is feasible

Explain the ideal screening programs for treatment?

Carrier identification and treatment programs are voluntary and confidential and include counseling about all available choices to identified carriers and those they may need treatment

Explain the ideal screening programs for cost?

Screening balances harms and costs

Explain the ideal screening programs for culture?

Screening methods are acceptable to all patients

What are the measures for taking action to control tobacco use?

Establishing an evidence-base link to smoking to increased relative risk of deaths and pre-mature deaths

taking action across multiple levels of the social ecological model

taxes as a Public Health Measure

Taking Action to Control Tobacco Use

Explain Establishing an evidence-base link to smoking increased relative risk of deaths and premature deaths

Cancers

Cardiovascular Diseases

Respiratory Diseases

Explain taking action across multiple levels of the social ecological model

Individual

Interpersonal

Community/Organizational/Policy

Explain Taxes as a Public Health Measure

The most effective measures to discourage young people from smoking is to raise the tax on cigarettes

Why is raising taxes on cigarettes effective?

Reduces smoking among adults and an effective measures to discourage young people from smoking

in taking action to control tobacco use, please explain individually?

Campaigns to raise awareness

Products to help combat addiction

in taking action to control tobacco use, please explain Interpersonal?

Campaigns to change social norms

in taking action to control tobacco use, please explain policy?

Smoke-free policies

Taxes

Warning labels and advertising restrictions

What is WHO’s MPOWER?

Cost-Effective Measures to Control Tobacco

Explain M, in MPOWER?

Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies

Explain P, in MPOWER?

Protect people from tobacco smoke

Explain O, in MPOWER?

Offer help to quit tobacco use

Explain W, in MPOWER?

Warn about dangers of tobacco use

Explain E, in MPOWER?

Enforce bans on tobacco advertising

Explain R, in MPOWER?

Raise taxes on tobacco

What demographic measure has a significant influence on the prevalence of obesity?

Socioeconomic status

What is Obesity?

defined in terms of body mass index

What is Body Mass Index?

is calculated by dividing a eprson’s weight in kilograms by the square of his or her height in meters.

Why are skin cancer rates so high in Australia?

Geography

Historical migration

Genetics

Explain why Australia’s geography affects their skin cancer rates?

Position relative to the equator

Ozone hole: centered on the South Pole

Explain why Australia’s historical migration affects their skin cancer rates?

Fair skinned people have higher rates

Lower rates among Aboriginal Australians

Explain why Australia’s Genetics affects their skin cancer rates?

Resilience of skin

Does Australia experience a social gradient in skin cancer?

Australia does NOT experience a social gradient in skinn cancer

Which type of approach does Australia use to combat skin cancer?

Multi-level approach extending for decades

In multi-level approach for Australia used to combat skin cancer, explain the individual portion

Knowledge and awareness campaigns

In multi-level approach for Australia used to combat skin cancer, explain the Interpersonal portion

Social norms around tanning and sun-protection