Chem 3+4 Test prep

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Qualitative

Data in the form of words using the 5 senses

Quantitative

Data that is in numbers

Observation

Information obtained through the senses.

Interpretation

the action of explaining the meaning of something

Description

a list of the properties of something

Data

quantitative collected experimentally

Experiment

test or procedure that is carried out to discover a result

Hypothesis

an assumption or idea which attempts to explain why nature behaves in that way

Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

Law

broad generalization or summary which describes a large amount of experimental evidence stating how nature behaves

Matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

Chemistry

science concerning the composition, properties and behaviour of matter

Substance

something with a unique and identifiable set of properties

Physical property

substance that can be found without creating new substance

Chemical property

the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change and change into new substance

Extensive

physical properties that depend on the amount of a substance present.

Intensive

physical properties depends solely on the nature of the substance

Solid

definite shape and volume

Liquid

a state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume.

Gas

a state of matter with no definite shape or volume

Plasma

gas made of charged particles (e-) and naked atomic nuclei at high temperatures

Hardness

the resistance of a mineral to being scratched

Malleability

the ability of a substance to be hammered or beaten into thin sheets

Ductility

the ability to be pulled into thin wires

Luster

manner in which a solid reflects light

Viscosity

resistance to flow

Diffusion

the intermingling of substances by the natural movement of their particles.

Vapour

the gaseous material formed by the evaporation of a substance which boils above room temperature

Vapour pressure

the pressure created by the vapour evaporating from a liquid

Boiling temperature

same as boiling point and condensing point, liquid to gas

Melting temperature

same as melting point and freezing point, solid to liquid

System

the part of the universe being studied

Phase

any part of a system that has uniform composition and properties

Element

substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Atom

smallest unit of matter

Molecule

cluster of two or more atoms held together by electrical forces

Ion

a charged atom or molecule

Particle

small portion of matter

Homogenous

substance consisting of one phase

Heterogenous

substance consisting of more than one phase

Pure substance

homogenous and has an unchangeable composition

Mixture

system made up of two or more substances

Mechanical mixture

heterogenous mixture of two or more substances

Solution

homogenous mixture of two or more substances

Solvent

component in solution that is present in the greater quantity

Aqueous solution

can be dissolved in water

Solute

component in solution that is present in the smaller quantity

Compound

pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined

Chemical change

a change in which a new substance is formed

Physical change

change in the phase of the substance

Freezing temperature

liquid to solid

Condensation temperature

gas to liquid

Hand separation

mechanical mixture that can be separated by hand it by the use of a sieve or magnet - depend on particle size

Filtration

mechanical mixture that uses filter paper to separate the residue and filtrate - depends on particle size

Evaporation

solid-in-liquid solution to evaporate or be boiled away leaving the solid - depend on boiling point

Distillation

liquid-in-liquid solution using a distillation glass thermometer and condenser- depend on boiling point

Solvent extraction

depend on solubilities.

Solvent extraction solid

extraction of solid form a mechanical mixture of solids

Solvent extraction liquid

extraction of a dissolved liquid or solid from a liquid solution

Miscible

mutually soluble in each other in all properties

Unmiscible

insoluble of each other

Rechrystallization

solid in a solid-in-liquid solution is separated in pure and crystalline state - depend on solubilities

Gravity separation

separate solids from a mechanical mixture based on their density, uses a centrifuge

Paper, Column and Thin Layer Chromatography

separate large to small amount of solid-in-liquid solution containing two or more dissolves solids which are colouring or can be reacted to form colours - depends on solubilities

Kinetic energy

energy that molecules possess as a result of their motion

Rotational energy

cause molecules to rotate around one of its axis, bond lengths and angles don't change

Vibration energy

changes the bond lengths and/or angles between atoms in molecule

Translation energy

causes the molecules to travel in a straight line from place to place, but has no effect on bond length and angles