mastering biology chapter 5

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62 Terms

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fluid mosaic model
\-depicts the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules suspended in a fluid phospholipid bilayer

\-kinks in the unsaturated fatty acid tails of phospholipids keeps the membrane fluid
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selective permeability
\-allows membranes to regulate the passage of molecules across them

\-small nonpolar molecules (O2, CO2) can move freely across the membrane
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cholesterol
\-stabilizes the structure of the plasma membrane

\-prevents the close packing of phospholipids.
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carrier protein
transport protein that releases molecules on the other side of the membrane by binding & changing shape
transport protein that releases molecules on the other side of the membrane by binding & changing shape
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channel protein
transport protein that provides channels through which specific molecules/ions can diffuse
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active transport protein
transport protein that uses ATP to pump molecules against their concentration gradient
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receptor protein
\-binds to signaling molecules outside of a cell to transmit messages into the cell

\-activates other molecules within the cell
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attachment protein
\-provides support by connecting to the cytoskeleton & ECM

\-can relay information about internal & external conditions
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glycoprotein
\-allows other membrane proteins to recognize its attached sugars (ID tags)

\-composed of a carbohydrate & protein
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junction protein
forms long-lasting connections between cells
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aquaporin
transport protein that facilitates osmosis
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enzyme
\-protein that carries out sequential reactions within the membrane

\-changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by it

\-organic catalyst
\-protein that carries out sequential reactions within the membrane

\-changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by it

\-organic catalyst
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protein pore
passageway for facilitated diffusion
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Na/K pump
\-Na+ binds to the transport protein so that it can be moved across the membrane against the concentration gradient

\-K+ binds to the transport protein so that it can be moved into the membrane against the concentration gradient

\-Phosphate group of ATP needs to be transferred to the protein so that it changes shape (active transport)
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contractile vacuole
expels excess water from plant cells against the concentration gradient using ATP (active transport)
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ligand
molecule that binds to a receptor protein
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net movement
difference between the number of molecules moving in the direction of the force & the number of molecules moving in the opposite direction
difference between the number of molecules moving in the direction of the force & the number of molecules moving in the opposite direction
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concentration gradient
\-region along which the density of a substance increases or decreases

\-substances tend to move from higher concentration to lower concentration
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passive transport
diffusion of a substance across a membrane down a concentration gradient with no expenditure of energy
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active transport
diffusion of a substance across a membrane against a concentration gradient that requires an input of energy
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diffusion
\-movement of particles down a concentration gradient

\-tendency of particles to spread out in its available space
\-movement of particles down a concentration gradient

\-tendency of particles to spread out in its available space
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facilitated diffusion
passage of a substance through a transport protein across a membrane down a concentration gradient
passage of a substance through a transport protein across a membrane down a concentration gradient
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osmosis
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low areas of concentration
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low areas of concentration
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osmoregulation
homeostatic maintenance of solute concentrations & water balance
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exocytosis
movement of molecules out of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane
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endocytosis
\-movement of molecules into a cell via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane

\-cell membrane pinches inward
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phagocytosis
\-endocytosis in which a cell engulfs macromolecules into its cytoplasm

\-”cell eating”
\-endocytosis in which a cell engulfs macromolecules into its cytoplasm

\-”cell eating”
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pinocytosis
\-endocytosis in which the cell engulfs extracellular fluid

\-”cell drinking”
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
movement of molecules into a cell by the infolding of protein-containing vesicles with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in
movement of molecules into a cell by the infolding of protein-containing vesicles with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in
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tonicity
the ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water
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isotonic
\-no net movement of water

\-equal concentration of solvent and solute
\-no net movement of water

\-equal concentration of solvent and solute
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hypotonic
\-net movement of water into the cell

\-causes the cell to grow

\-higher concentration of solvent
\-net movement of water into the cell

\-causes the cell to grow

\-higher concentration of solvent
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hypertonic
\-net movement of water out of the cell

\-causes the cell to shrink

\-higher concentration of solute
\-net movement of water out of the cell

\-causes the cell to shrink

\-higher concentration of solute
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lysing
bursting of an animal cell caused by the net movement of water into the cell (hypotonic environment)
bursting of an animal cell caused by the net movement of water into the cell (hypotonic environment)
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turgid
firm, healthy state of plant cells in a hypertonic environment
firm, healthy state of plant cells in a hypertonic environment
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turgor pressure
prevents a plant cell from taking in too much water & lysing
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flaccid
limp plant cell caused by the loss of water in an isotonic environment
limp plant cell caused by the loss of water in an isotonic environment
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plasmolysis
\-the pulling away of a plasma membrane from a cell wall

\-caused by the loss of water in a hypertonic environment

\-causes the plant to wilt
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crenation
shrinking of an animal cell after exposure to a hypertonic environment
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system
matter under study
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surroundings
everything outside the system
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thermodynamics
study of energy transformations that occurs in a collection of matter
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first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but not created nor destroyed.
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second law of thermodynamics
Energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy.
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entropy
measure of disorder/randomness
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exergonic reaction
\-energy-releasing chemical reaction in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products

\-i.e. cellular respiration
\-energy-releasing chemical reaction in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products 

\-i.e. cellular respiration
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endergonic reaction
\-energy-requiring chemical reaction in which products yield more potential energy than the reactants

\-i.e. photosynthesis
\-energy-requiring chemical reaction in which products yield more potential energy than the reactants

\-i.e. photosynthesis
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energy coupling
the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction in cellular metabolism
the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction in cellular metabolism
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metabolic pathway
series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds
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cellular respiration
\-aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules

\-stores potential energy in a form that cells use to perform work (ATP)
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
\-main energy source for cells

\-releases energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed

\-2 phosphoanhydride bonds
\-main energy source for cells

\-releases energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed

\-2 phosphoanhydride bonds
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ADP
\-1 phosphoanhydride bond
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AMP
\-0 phosphoanhydride bonds
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phosphoanhydride bond
high-energy bonds that link phosphate groups to one another in ATP, ADP, AMP
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phosphorylation
\-transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule

\-ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is phosphorylated to form ATP
\-transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule

\-ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is phosphorylated to form ATP
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activation energy
amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start
amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start
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induced fit
\-changes in the shape of an active site caused by the entry of the substrate so that it binds the substrate snugly

\-may contort substrate bonds/place amino acids in position to catalyze the reaction
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cofactor
nonprotein molecule/ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme
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coenzyme
organic molecule serving as a cofactor
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competitive inhibitor
\-substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate

\-structure mimics that of the enzyme’s substrate
\-substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate

\-structure mimics that of the enzyme’s substrate
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noncompetitive inhibitor
\-substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding elsewhere on the enzyme

\-changes that shape of the enzyme so that the active site no long catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product
\-substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding elsewhere on the enzyme

\-changes that shape of the enzyme so that the active site no long catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product
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feedback inhibition
metabolic control in which a product of the metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway
metabolic control in which a product of the metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway