States of Consciousness Review

These flashcards cover the key terms and concepts from the lecture notes on states of consciousness and sleep.

Circadian Rhythm

The biological clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and other physiological processes on a roughly 24-hour cycle.

Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

A group of cells in the hypothalamus that control circadian rhythms.

Stages of Sleep

The different phases of sleep characterized by varying brain activity, including NREM and REM sleep.

Brain Waves in Sleep Stages

Distinct patterns of electrical activity in the brain, which vary by sleep stage: alpha (awake), theta (stage 1), sleep spindles (stage 2), delta (stage 3), and REM waves.

Hypnogogic State

The transitional state of consciousness between wakefulness and sleep, primarily occurring in stage one of sleep.

REM Sleep

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement, increased brain activity, and vivid dreaming; often referred to as paradoxical sleep.

Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep; can be managed through various behavioral techniques.

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks.

Sleep Apnea

A sleep disorder involving repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep, leading to poor sleep quality.

Somnambulism

Also known as sleepwalking, it is a disorder characterized by walking or performing other activities while in a state of sleep.

REM Rebound

The phenomenon where there is an increase in REM sleep after being deprived of it.

Tolerance

A reduced response to a drug after repeated use, leading to the need for higher doses to achieve the same effect.

Withdrawal

A set of symptoms that occur upon the abrupt discontinuation of a drug, which can include physical and psychological effects.

Correlation vs Causation

Correlation indicates a relationship between two variables, while causation establishes that one variable directly affects another.

Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to test its effects on the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment to assess the effect of the independent variable.