WHAP unit 1 terms

Paleolithic Age

The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence.(Oldest Era)

Neolithic Revolution

The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 B.C.E.

Neolithic Age

The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred, domestication of plants and animals accomplished.(Middle era)

Bronze Age

From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing.

Civilization

Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups.

Mesopotamia

Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris Euphrates river valleys. (Also like the one of first civilization)

Cuneiform

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets.

Ziggurats

Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes.

City-State

A form of political organizations typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king.

Hammurabi's Code

This code was one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes, proclaimed by Hammurabi, and was known from being strict towards social relations and family structures within this ancient Indian civilization. (Like the early laws in india)

Patriarchal

All parts of society, political, economic, and cultural, are ran by men.

Mandate of Heaven

Created by the Zhou Dynasty, the mandate proposed that there could be only one legitimate ruler of China at a given time, and that this ruler had the blessing of the gods. To "lose" the Mandate of Heaven means that one has fallen out of the grace of the gods and is therefore unfit to rule China. (How the rulers kept power over the people)

Monotheism

The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization. (Like most religons are this, but like the Greek gods arent)

Confucianism

Major Chinese philosophy centered around respecting and obeying patriarchal authorities to create harmony in society. (One of the major 2 major religons/phiosophys in china, and helped shape the ways of life)

Buddha

Creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in the 6th century B.C.E.; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for earthly things. (Who Buddhists worship, and belive they can reach his enlightment I think)

Hellenism

Hellenistic culture blending Indian, Persian, Egyptian, and Greek beliefs together as a result of Alexander the Great's conquests in Afro Eurasia. (Religion cus big empire)

Ashoka

Greatest Mauryan ruler; grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended the conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire. (Ruled Indian area, and his conversion led to the wide adoption of Buddhism).

Scholar-gentry

Chinese class of noble landowners who were educated to hold positions in government.

Roman republic

The balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies.(Also had 2 leads at a time for 6 months, and was founded due to the previous negative kings of Rome, and was when they fought punic wars)

Julius Caesar

Dictator of the Roman Republic who effectively ended the republic and, with his successor Augustus, transformed it into an empire. (He showed its flaws and then used a big army to take power, then he died to the senate, then Augustus fought to take the power his uncle had and lowkey caused a civil war).(fought Mark Antony and Cleopatra)

Constantine

Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify the empire spiritually.(He was the first Christian emperor and tried to convert the people, changed the Roman capital to a place by the black sea)(also this changed kinda caused the empire to split)

Polis

City-state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E.

Axum

A kingdom in the Ethiopian highlands; converted to Christianity after trading with the Roman Empire