Key to Past Lecture 1 Test

Brontobacterium grows well in culture media but is well known for dying rapidly if you mix it with plain water.  You decide that this organism has a mutation that causes it to lack a:

a.       cell membrane

b.       genome

c.       spore

d.       cell wall

e.       capsule

cell wall

Spartancoccus is not affected by any of the antibiotics you try to use to kill it.  It almost certainly has a(n):

a.       Endospore

b.       Flagellum

c.       F plasmid

d.       R plasmid

e.       Two of the above

R plasmid

Greensborobacillus makes large amounts of dipicolinic acid.  What structure does it probably make?

a.       Fimbrae

b.       Endospore

c.       Capsule

d.       Flagella

e.       Virulence plasmid

 

Endospore

The bacterium Taylortaneum frequently sticks to test tube walls when you try to pour it out, even though it is not slimy at all.  It almost certainly can form:

a.       Sex pili

b.       Capsules

c.       Fimbrae

d.       Flagella

e.       Endospores

Fimbrae

The Austinacea organism you’re working with creates pilin proteins, but not all the time, just now and then.  This is evidence that is has:

a.       Endospores

b.       Capsules

c.       Fimbrae

d.       F plasmid

e.       Flagella

F plasmid

Bundybacter has to always be grown by itself.  If you mix it with any other bacterium, whatever its mixed with will always die very quickly.  The only explanation you have for this is that Bundybacter must have a(n):

a.       Capsule

b.       Virulence plasmid

c.       Bacteriocin plasmid

d.       Endospore

e.       Sex pilus

Bacteriocin plasmid

Maxobacillus is super hardy….you can boil a culture of it and the organism doesn’t die!  It must possess a(n):

a.       Endospore

b.       Capsule

c.       Flagellum

d.       F plasmid

e.       Bacteriocin plasmid

 

Endospore

Calliecoccus is a bacterium that is very good at causing disease in humans because the normal white blood cells that eat bacteria are harmless against this organism.  The thing that might help it overcome these would be:

a.       Fimbrae

b.       Bacteriocin plasmids

c.       Endospores

d.       Capsules

e.       F plasmids

Capsules

Biobacter is used by many scientists for creating an all-natural lubricating layer on scientific glassware to help the pieces slide onto one another easily.  What do you suspect about Biobacter?

a.       It excretes polysaccharides or glycoproteins out of the cell

b.       It has a virulence plasmid

c.       It can withstand UV light, starvation, and dry environments

d.       It is a gram negative organism

e.       It produces teichoic and lipoteichoic acids and holds them on its outer surface.

It excretes polysaccharides or glycoproteins out of the cell

Drug X-35 prevents bacteria from being able to make new DNA, but also prevents it from making new RNA as well, so the organism can’t reproduce and can’t express its genome.  Which of the following is a plausible explanation for how drug X-35 works to do BOTH things:

a.       It blocks folic acid synthesis

b.       It blocks ribosome functioning

c.       It blocks entry of precursors through the cell membrane

d.       It prevents tetrapeptide cross linkages from forming

e.       It prevents the efflux pump from working

It blocks folic acid synthesis

Drug RT-5 has an impact on cells’ ability to produce functional teichoic acids.  What do you know about how this drug works and WHICH bacterial types it works best against?

a.       It interferes with cell membrane production, and would impact all bacterial types

b.       It interferes with protein production, and would impact all bacterial types

c.       It interferes with cell wall construction and would impact gram – more than gram + cells

d.       It interferes with cell wall construction and would impact gram + more than gram – cells

e.       It interferes with endospore formation and would impact all bacterial cell types

It interferes with cell wall construction and would impact gram + more than gram – cells

Drug MNM-12 prevents bacteria from making enzymes to carry out their day-to-day activities.  All other behavior is normal.  This drug most likely blocks:

a.       The production of tetrapeptide molecules

b.       The assembly of functional ribosomes from the 30S and 50S subunits

c.       The creation of genome copies through the use of DNA gyrase

d.       The integration of NAG and NAM molecules into the macromolecule that they’re a part of

e.       The production of purines and pyrimidines from folic acid

The assembly of functional ribosomes from the 30S and 50S subunits

Drug KLS-12 is a brand new type of antibiotic, that attacks something that is NOT a typical drug target.  This drug works best against peritrichous bacteria, and it prevents them from spreading to desirable locations within the body.  This drug probably prevents:

a.       Taxis

b.       Adhesion of capsules

c.       Completion of Lipopolysaccharide layer

d.       Attachment by sex pili

e.       Production of fimbrae

Taxis

Alexander Fleming’s work could not have been done without materials first introduced by which scientist?

a.       Semmelweiss

b.       Pasteur

c.       Koch

d.       Lister

e.       Hooke

Koch

Pasteur read the work of a long-dead scientist who worked on the same controversy as he did, but for a different type of organism.   Whose work did he build on and settle the controversy they both challenged once and for all?

a.       Koch

b.       Redi

c.       Semmelweiss

d.       Lister

e.       Fleming

Redi

Lister could not have created his new techniques if he had not READ and believed the work of?

a.       Semmelweiss

b.       Hooke

c.       Koch

d.       Fleming

e.       Redi

 

Semmelweiss

Pasteur was using the technique created by which other scientist when he accidentally found a new way to make vaccines?

a.       Semmelweiss

b.       Lister

c.       Fleming

d.       Redi

e.       Koch

Koch

Leeuwenhoek got the idea to improve his hand-held microscope by reading a book published by?

a.       Redi

b.       Semmelweiss

c.       Hooke

d.       Pasteur

e.       Koch

Hooke

Koch read a hypothesis written by whom, when he decided to work to settle a controversy using a disease in cows to actually PROVE it?

a.       Fleming

b.       Semmelweiss

c.       Lister

d.       Pasteur

e.       Hooke

Pasteur

Pasteur’s work with S-necked flasks was done after a proposal that was not widely accepted prompted a government contest.  Whose earlier proposal was that?

a.       Pasteur

b.       Koch

c.       Lister

d.       Semmelweiss

e.       Fleming

Pasteur

Jenner was important for creating a technique that he really never understood the reason it worked.  He built his techniques upon two observations, one of which was an illegal procedure and he was at risk for going public with what he did because it was so similar to the illegal technique.  What was the illegal procedure he modified for his own technique?

a.       The scientific method

b.       The cell theory

c.       Variolation

d.       Vaccination

e.       Asepsis

Variolation

When Redi did his work, he revolutionized the way science would be done forever.  This is because he:

a.       Did his work publicly, in the city square, so no one could accuse him of faking his data.

b.       Had both a control and an experimental set-up, with only one variable different between them.

c.       Invited other scientists of the time from different countries to collaborate with him.

d.       Copied the work of an earlier scientist, but publicized his work more widely.

e.       Stood on a streetcorner and accused others of murder if they did not begin using his techniques in their own work.

 Had both a control and an experimental set-up, with only one variable different between them.

Leeuwenhoek is known for his DISCOVERIES and not his TECHNIQUES because:

a.       He was secretive and never shared his techniques with anyone.

b.       No one else was able to duplicate his techniques, even though he left detailed instructions upon his death.

c.       He stood on a street corner and accused others angrily of stealing from him when they tried to use his techniques.

d.       His techniques were just the same as the scientists whose work he followed..

e.       No one wanted to use his techniques for the new work they were doing.

He was secretive and never shared his techniques with anyone.

Koch is known for introducing several techniques to the scientific world that are STILL being used today.  Which of these is NOT one of Koch and his co-worker’s in his lab’s contribution:

a.       Attenuation to create vaccines

b.       Solid medium such as agar

c.       Steps to identify the cause of new diseases

d.       Methods to color bacteria in order to see them better under the microscope

e.       Dishes to grow bacteria in

Attenuation to create vaccines

Semmelweiss’ techniques were used later by other scientists who were much better known and respected than he was, even though his techniques were revolutionary and effective.  Why is this true?

a.       His techniques were very complicated and hard to replicate.

b.       He tried to shame others into adopting his techniques and turned them off.

c.       His techniques were not useful to anyone else alive at the time he did his work; only recognized after 100-year dry spell

d.       His techniques were very specific to his application, no one could adapt them to their own work.

e.       He patented his techniques and did not make them available to anyone else, very secretive.

He tried to shame others into adopting his techniques and turned them off.

Failures are a common occurrence, even when a researcher is doing techniques “right” in their experiment.  Which of the following correctly describes a “failure” that ended up helping the researcher whose experiment failed save lives?

a.       Old cultures were used instead of fresh ones.

b.       Oxygen was not allowed in to serve as the “vital principle” for an experiment

c.       Oil was not used during oil immersion techniques while viewing specimens under the microscope

d.       A researcher forgot to label their cultures and therefore switched his control and experimental set-up

e.       Step 2 of Koch’s postulates failed because of the wrong nutrients provided.

 

Old cultures were used instead of fresh ones.

A group of bacteria move differently from other motile bacteria; their entire CELL rotates rather than just the flagella.  These bacteria:

a.       Are Chlamydia or Rickettsia

b.       Cause syphilis and Lyme disease

c.       Are always diplobacillus

d.       Must be spread directly from patient to patient

e.       Are among the oldest forms of life on the planet

Cause syphilis and Lyme disease

A group of bacteria have all the structures that other bacteria have, yet they NEVER grow in culture (like viruses, they live inside host cells).  These bacteria:

a.       Are Chlamydia or Rickettsia

b.       Cause syphilis and Lyme disease

c.       Are always diplobacillus

d.       Must be spread directly from patient to patient

e.       Are among the oldest forms of life on the planet

 

Are Chlamydia or Rickettsia

Some bacteria do not have a cell wall AT all, instead their outer boundary is the cell membrane.  What do you know about these bacteria:

a.       They will be easily spread through water, since it allows them to remain moist.

b.       They belong to the genus Mycobacterium

c.       They can cause Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, common in NC.

d.       Their cell membrane is strengthened by tetrapeptide cross linkages

e.       They are large, spiral shaped bacteria.

They belong to the genus Mycobacterium

Some prokaryotic organisms have a cell wall that is made of protein and are much simpler than other prokaryotes we studied.  What is true of these organisms?

a.       They are considered the only “true” bacteria due to their simplicity of construction.

b.       They are among the oldest forms of life on the planet.

c.       They are called Spirochaetes due to their unique flagella.

d.       They are common human pathogens which show a great deal of drug resistance.

e.       Scientists worry that they may accidentally be introduced into our oil and gas reserves and destroy them.

They are among the oldest forms of life on the planet.

If one bacterial cell was introduced into a culture medium at 12 noon, and at 2 pm there are 256 cells present, what is the generation time of this species of bacteria?

a.       10 minutes

b.       15 minutes

c.       30 minutes

d.       45 minutes

e.       An hour

15 minutes

Which of these is an accurate description of bacterial reproduction?

a.       It involves finding an appropriate “partner” for conjugation

b.       It involves the processes of meiosis to form gametes and mitosis of existing cells

c.       It involves the creation of multiple copies of the bacterial genome to pass to several offspring which “bud” from one mother cell.

d.       It allows for genetic variation from one generation to the next

e.       It involves a bi-directional DNA replication process that requires DNA gyrase and topoisomerases.

 

It involves a bi-directional DNA replication process that requires DNA gyrase and topoisomerases.

As you’re driving to campus, you sit at a railroad crossing and watch a train pass by.  You suddenly realize the train resembles bacteria!  Give the microbiological term that would describe both the MORPHOLOGY and the ARRANGEMENT of the train cars if they were indeed bacteria.

 

Streptobacillus

If a bacterial cell is arriving in an area where a strong acid, radiation, or hypertonic solution is found, what would be the movement that is most common for their motility structure?

Clockwise

Name one drug example (antibiotic) that would attack a structure found in all cells, but a unique small size (70S) in bacteria?

Tetracycline, etc.

In SIX WORDS OR LESS: Sex pili are different from fimbrae because only sex pili are:

Contractile/ used for DNA transfer/ temporary/coded for by F plasmid In

In SIX WORDS OR LESS, state step 3 of Koch’s postulates:

Culture infects healthy animal I

If a bacterium moves in a unique way, in a sort of corkscrew fashion, to what “group” of bacteria does it below, and what is its unique motility structure called?

 

Spirochaetes; axial filament

If a bacterium gains a new ability, it has become much more dangerous to humans because it attacks the host body with enzymes and toxins.  What structure do you think it has recently acquired?

 

Virulence plasmid

What THREE molecules make up the MACROMOLECULE  that is unique to bacteria? (Name macromolecule as well)

 

Peptidoglycan – NAG, NAM, tetrapeptides Wha

What is the GENERAL and then SPECIFIC name for the bacterial structure that can help multiple bacteria “hide” under a shared mucoid layer to avoid destruction by the immune system and drugs?

 

Glycocalyx; biofilm

When observed under the microscope, the bacteria you’re working with several long, rigid, curved strands of protein extending from ONE spot on the bacterial cell surface.  What term describes this cell?

Lophotrichous

Which scientific discovery was ignored for over ten years after being discovered, and then only finally refined and used due to a war?

Penicillin/first antibiotic

What two scientists may have worked together DIRECTLY on their discoveries if their home countries hadn’t just fought a bitter war?

Pasteur and Koch