4Uhistory- unit 2 - Imperialism and colonialism

Imperialism

• Nation extends its influence Beyond its borders by diplomacy or Conquest 

• Establishing colonies to gain control of resources and goodsTo maintain a world Empire 

  • Ruled by a monarch 

• Driven by the need to control resources, trade routes, territory without direct governance 

• May not always result in colonization it always seeks dominance over other regions or people 

• This period of expansion begins to break down the idea of feudalism 

  • Switch from aggregate nature of the Middle Ages to one of trade and commercialism

Colonialism

• Occurs when a foreign power directly controls and governs the territory or people outside its borders 

• The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economy 

• Manifestation of imperialism where the dominant power establishes formal and Lasting presence in The Colony

Forms of imperialism: colonies

• A country or region that is governed  instantly by a foreign power

  • Example Canada before 1982 to British Empire

• Used to add to a country's wealth 

• Provide raw materials and valuables as well 

• New world =  first, would, fish  

• Peru/ Mexico=  silver  

• Caribbean islands=  sugar

 forms of imperialism: protectorate

• A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control, protection of an outside power

• Example Britain protectorate over the Niger River delta in West Africa in 1885

• Protected State reclinches control over external affair

• Usually done to protect against aggression by another country or Empire

Forms of imperialism:  sphere of influence 

• Area in which an outside power Claims exclusive investment or Trading Post

• Example  Liberia maintained its independence in the Scramble for Africa but under the sphere of influence of USA

• Usually for trade, investment, sometimes military proposes 

• Established by treaty

• Occurs in land that borders on already existing colonies

 forms of imperialism economic imperialism

• Where one country has greater economic power that the other either through an industry or allowing foreign Nations to make economic decisions to gain loans and additional resources

• For example Dole fruit company in Hawaii or British Trading Post in China during the 19th century

• Driven by the system of mercantilism

Mercantilism

• A philosophy

• Economic philosophy of the 16th to 17th century where International Commerce should primarily serve to increase a country's Financial wealth 

  • For example export scene as desirable

• Import seen as undesirable unless they lead to even greater exports

 countries not colonized

• Strong leader that either withstood or reached a deal with European powers for Independence 

  • example Ethiopia and Japan

• Geographically two difficult to invade 

  • example Nepal

• Ruled by other Asian powers 

  • example Korea

• Ceded some power but not full Independence 

  • example of Afghanistan they retain domestic control while Britain held International control

•  China ceded coastal areas for trade but controlled the whole

•  Played one country off another

•  Saudi to the Ottoman Empire versus the British

The world before European exploration

•  even before the Crusades Europeans encountered Islamic cultures and knowledge

•  Marco Polo sailed to China in the 13th century

•  middle of the 15th century Portuguese had reached the coast of West Africa

•  by 1500s the Atlantic Ocean would no longer be seen as the end of the known world

•  rather serve as a bridge to other land masses

•  the beginnings of Europeans exploration would change the fate of every country around the globe

The beginning of European Conquest

• from 13th century seen as a start of European exploration

•  new areas of the world are discovered and mapped

  •  new world =  the Americas

  •  old world =  europe, Asia and Africa

•  contact and exchange of ideas and goods with new indigenous peoples

 Reasons for exploration in stage one

•  god, glory, gold the three G's

 God, religion

•  Reformation

  •  seeking new conquest

  •  Missionaries =  jesuits 

  •  conversion served as justification for missionary Conquest

  •  idea of  paternalism 

•  Idea of European superiority,  One race one religion and one culture

•  seeking Pastor John who is not real

  •  a legend in the 15th century that a Christian kingdom in central Africa ruled by Pastor John had been cut off from the rest of Christianity by the Muslims advantage through Africa

  •  seeking Pastor John to reunite him with the rest of Christian dumb served as a basis of exploration

  •  this helped in Portuguese expansion

 Glory

•  competition between Empires

•  race between Empires for raw materials and markets to sell good to

•  spread of your culture and ideas

•  increase in seafaring technology

•  Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal even established a school of tech Maritime technology

Gold

• Mercantilism which is the policy of early Empires where more colonies equals more power equals more  wealth

• Monarch seeking new sources of revenue new resources/  Goods and valuables like gold/ silver

• Seeking of tribute like taxes

Early Empires - stage 1

• From  1492 to 18th century the early explorers

  •  Spain

  •  Portugal by 1500 ventured further than any of the empire

    •  first to sail around Africa

  •  England

  •   France

  •  Dutch Republic

•  all established large empires in the Americas

 Christopher Columbus

•  Italian explorer, Navigator and colonialist

•   completed for voyages across the Atlantic ocean under directives of the Spanish monarchy

•  credited with the opening of the Americas for conquest and European settlement

  •  ruining native land and lives

 Impact of Columbus

• contact between two hemispheres  created lasting  repercussions

•  exchange of goods call the Columbian Exchange

•  for you just seen to the inauguration of exploration and Conquest

•  seem to be the key of creating the modern Western world

•  event seem to Kickstart modern globalization with economic, political and cultural impacts

 Zheng he (event) - stage 1

•  1371 to 1433

•  sailed 87 years before Columbus

Facts of Zheng he

•  born into Muslim family, captured from Yunnan  Travis and turned into a eunuch in 1391

•  started as a servant and Rose to become the Commander in Chief of the ming Navy

• Trailed in Treasure ships there is controversy over the size of some being over 400 ft long

Zheng he voyages

•  had his first voyage in 1405 with 317 ships and  27,870 Men 

•  gone on seven epic voyages,  traveled over 50,000 km and 30 countries

•  believed to have reached as far as India and Africa in voyages that took 28 years

 Motives/causes - Zheng he

•  to show the power of the main Dynasty and the might and power of China

  •  Diplomat

•  was not there to conquer or to kill

•  use chartered Maps

•  brought Treasures to the countries he visited

•  brought back invoice from the countries he encountered to China to pay tribute

•  facilitated immigration but did not establish trade with the places he visited

Zheng he end 

• died on his last voyage and money was no longer allocated towards  exploration

•  his Patron the yonne Empire died and his successor turned inward into  isolatedism and protecting China rather than  Outreach

•  the China erased Zheng he from history and 1500 ships could not have more than one mast 

•  by 150 all of Zheng  he ships were destroyed

 Importance/significance - Zheng he

• current Chinese history seen as a figure of what the Chinese were able to do

•  raises questions on the significance of Columbus's voyages

•  raises questions on the idea of Europe superiority in expansion and exploration

 Columbian Exchange (event) - stage 1

Diseases

•  smallpox, yellow fever, tuberculosis, plague

•  reduced indigenous population by 90 percent

•  meant the need for a labor force meaning slavery and resulting into triangle of trade

 Plants

•  new foods shift from New World to Old World

  •  for example tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco

 Animal

•  old world had more larger mammals

•  reintroduced the horse

Triangle of trade

Effect on Europe economically -  Columbian Exchange

•  government chartered new companies to monopolize the economy and act as a civilizing force

  •  Hudson Bay Company in 1670 in the New World

  •  British East India Company in the 1600s in India

•  rise in Banks and joint ventures

•  competition between Empires for control of raw material and markets for

  •  Imperial rivalries

Effect on Europe socially - Columbian Exchange

•  how to create the beginnings of the middle class in Europe

•  influx of new Goods like potato, corn, tobacco, silver and gold from the new world

  •  changes in European diet

•  use of slavery 

Effect on colonies - Columbian Exchange

•  destruction of native culture, social and political customs replaced by European institutions

•  new diseases and substances decimate indigenous population

•  imposed culture and religion

  •  companies create dependency to gain land and raw material

  •  like alcohol and opium

•  animals and plants traveled from Europe to the new world and vice versa

  •  ecological imperialism

 Imperial rivalries - stage 2

•  economic importance of colonies brought European States into conflict with each other 

• a consequence of imperialism 

• 1679 to 1763 five major wars involving the Americas 

• seven year Wars France loses all as possessions in North America 

• as Empires compete tensions increase in Europe, hostilities emerge 

• set the groundwork for the tension that  would eventually emerge in World War I  

• main focus of Imperial rivalries was in the Americas and new worlds

•  why so they can get all the resources

 Northwest Passage -

•  water route to Asia

•  Europeans convinced it existed somewhere in North America

•  whoever found this route would be able to control access

  •  silk and spices

  •  led to British French and Dutch racing to control as much of North America as they could

 rivalries in the Americas

 Spain

•  largest European  influence

•  colonies from South America to the southwestern part of USA

•  did not impose own government but left governing in local hands

 France

•  main focus was Canada

  •  Cartier de champlon

 England

•  13 colonies in USA and eventually Canada

 Imperial rivalries:  Spanish Armada (event) - stage 2

Facts - Spanish Armada

• one part of the planned invasion of England by King Philip II of Spain ( wife was Mary Queen of Scots also known as Bloody Mary)

•  cousin to Elizabeth the first

•  launched in 1588 “ La felicima Armada”  or “ the most fortunate Fleet”  was made up  five 150 ships and 1800 

  •  longest Fleet ever seen in Europe

Background causes - Spanish Armada

•  religion conflict

  • Protestant England versus Catholic Spain

•  political conflict Spanish saw the English as a competitor for colonies in the Americas while English converted the Spanish Empire

•  competition over Supremacy at sea

•  escalated in 1587 when Elizabeth I  had Mary Queen of Scots as executed for conspiring to kill her

•  her execution ended Phillips hopes for restoring a Catholic Monarch to England and renewed attempts to invade England

• Fleet of ships sailed from Spain in 1588 attempting to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I

• Competing for control of the West Indies

 The battle - Spanish Armada

• 9 day battle

• English ships were  longer, lower and faster than the Spanish

• Also not weighed down by supplies that the Spanish had to launch a full invasion

•  British used fire ships to cause chaos and Scattered the Spanish Armada

  • Which in which the Spanish Armada cut their anchors

•  The next day the wind shifted and without anchors many perished from English mountains

 the result consequence - Spanish Armada

•  many ships were wrecked off the rocky coasts of Ireland and  Scotland

•   out of 150 ships only 65 return to Spain

•  next year another attempt was made with hundred chips but Stormy Weather helped and it failed

•  failure of the Armada ruined  Spain financially

•  help to save the Dutch Empire from being absorbed into Spain Empire

Significance/ importance - Spanish Armada

•  Spain was defeated and no Spain Fleet ever constanted English Supremacy at Sea ever again

•  step towards British Supremacy at sea 

• Seen as a defining moment in Elizabeth's I’s  rain and put her as the leader on the global stage

•  secured Protestant rule in England

 Africa the scramble to Africa - stage 2 Facts

•  took place from 1800 to 1900. of Rapid colonization of African continent by European

•  in 20 years 90% of Africa was brought under European occupation

 Berlin  conference - the scramble to Africa

•  1885 to 1900

•  bismack Germany called for a meeting of westerning Empires to end confusion over control of Africa

•  Focus was about economics, colonialism and political  Supremacy

•  Africa not invited

  •  only saw the consequences

•  before 1884 80% of Africa under traditional local control

•  afterwards 50 irregular states were created

•  estimated that 6 to 10,000 political units were divided

•  lines on the map were drawn of places no European had visited or what was there

  •  water table

 Causes - the scramble to Africa

Glory, changing in politics 

•  new Unified Germany raising after defeating the French in Franco Persian War

•  France trying to reclaim lost  territory

•  new unified Italy gaining strength

•  Imperial rivalries pushing inland

Gold,  raw materials

•  Industrial revolution in Europe demanded for raw materials and ready markets

•  Africa =  gold, diamonds, ivory, rubber, Coca and cotton

•  Better advancements in medicine

  •  Quinine for malaria

•  Advances in cesarean  technology

 

god, moral justification

•  bringing civilization and Christian

• “White Man's Burden”

•  Partridge=  segregation

•  promotes The Stereotype of Africans as a wild, exotic, Dark Continent needed saving

•  eventually serves as the basis of apartheid in  Africa

 Gunboat diplomacy - the scramble to Africa

•  foreign policy that is supported or uses the threat of military force

•  used in Africa by European powers

•  local Chiefs threatened to sign over treaties

 Exploitation - the scramble to Africa

•  all Empires exploited Africa

•  19th century Britain had control of over half the cotton produced in the world in controlled 

• Railway lines in Africa led to Ports to transported Goods Out of Africa versus India where Railways were made to connect cities

Colonial rule - the scramble to Africa

 French (Northwestern part of Africa)

•  cultural assimilation:  replicated African towns to look French

•  the more French spoken the better chances of getting a job

•  ruled as military  rule

 British( Egypt plus other coastal countries)

•  allowed local leaders to rule on behalf of Britain

•  indirect control

 Belgium under Leopold II (Congo)

•  worst example of colonism

•  23-year Reign population declined by half

•  abuse and exploitation for a European need

 Consequences- -the scramble to Africa

• New map of Africa based on colonialism superimposed over 1,000 indigenous cultures and religions in  Africa

•  New regions lacked reason and divided coherent groups of people and merged together disappropriate groups that didn't get along

  • Creative Civil Wars

•  Eventually withdrew of Europeans and Powers would lead to power  struggles

 decolonization and African nationalism (significance)  - the scramble to Africa

•  1930s  cost of running colonies became expensive

•  The wars would be the tripping point of the relationship between colonizer and colony

•  Over half a million Africans would fight in World War II

•  France would extend citizenship to many Africans after the war but African decided not to in order to increase nationalism

• The wars were destroyed invincibility of Europe And ideas of Supremacy

• Most dates would declare independence from Empires after the wars

• Motivated by

  •  Civil Rights Movement

  •  creation of the United Nations

  •  greater education of African citizens