body regions and directional terms

Superior (Cranial)

Toward the head or upper part of a structure.

Inferior (Caudal)

Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure.

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the front of the body.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward the back of the body.

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Closer to the origin or point of attachment (usually used for limbs).

Distal

Farther from the origin or point of attachment.

Superficial (External)

Toward or at the body surface.

Deep (Internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal.

Cephalic

Head region.

Cervical

Neck region.

Thoracic

Chest region.

Abdominal

Abdomen region.

Pelvic

Pelvis region.

Upper Limb

Arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.

Lower Limb

Thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.

Dorsal

Back region.

Vertebral

Spine region.