History - Imperialism

White Man’s Burden

Western imperialists had a moral duty to educate uncivilized people & teach them the ways of Christianity

Sepoy Rebellion

* Started because ____ (Indian soldiers who fought for the British East India Company/the British military)  wanted them to use guns that they had to bite the bullet (which had pork in it) and it went against their religion so they rebelled and refused to use the guns
* Though some ____ massacred the British, the British crushed the revolt
* Left a legacy of distrust on both sides
* Ended the rule of the British East India Company, brought India directly under the control of the British crown

British Raj

1858  Britain set up a viceroy in India which governed for Britain 

Sphere of Influence

An area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges

Taiping Rebellion

* 1850-1864
* Led by Hong Xiuquan to topple to Qing Dynasty
* Qing dynasty was in decline
* Irrigation systems/canals were poorly maintained which led to floods, there wasn’t enough food, corruption was prevalent
* Wanted land reform, communal ownership of property, gender equality
* Westerners supported the Qing dynasty to maintain their trading right
* Rebellion ultimately failed

Sino-Japanese War

* 1894-1895
* Japan had fewer resources but was more modernized 
* Japan gained control of Taiwan from China

Boxer Uprising

* Many in China resented foreigners
* 1899, Chinese peasants formed the Righteous Harmonious Fists to drive out foreigners
* Attacked and killed foreigners
* Uprising was crushed by Western and Japanese forces
* Defeat of the uprising led to foreign calls for more concessions
* Chinese officials began to support Westernization 
* Women attended schools, economy improved

Shogun

Top military officer

Matthew Perry 

* The officer that sailed on behalf of the US to Tokyo with a letter demanding Japan open its ports to trade
* Shogun knew it lacked military power to fight the US and accepted

Young Turks 

 A movement formed in the 1890s that in 1908 overthrew the sultan in an attempt to reform 

Muhammad Ali 

*  an Albanian Muslim soldier (of the Ottomans) became governor (of Egypt) in 1805
* Helped drive the French from Egypt
* Ended the old oligarchy, seized huge farms, reduced the power of religious leaders, crushed protests against his rule
* Improved tax collection, backed irrigation projects, planted a new kind of cotton
* Brought Western military experts to help create a modern army

Wahhabi Movement

* The movement in Arabia rejected schools of Islamic thought from the Ottoman Empire and wanted to recapture Muhammad’s original teachings
* Wanted the government to further the goals of Islam

Protectorate 

Local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European Advisers on issues such as trade or missionary activity 

Suez Canal

* 1858, a French entrepreneur built the canal which made travel quicker
* In 1875, Egyptian ruler was unable to repay loans and sold his shares of the canal. Britain bought them, giving them more power in Egypt

Menelik II 

The ruler of Ethiopia, which was the only nation in Africa to resist colonization  

Indirect Rule

European governor and council of advisors made laws for each colony. Local rulers retained some authority and served as agents for the imperial power.

Direct Rule

Sending officials and soldiers to administer colonies

Treaty of Nanking

After China lost the first Opium War they were forced to accept the treaty. The treaty entailed giving Britain Hong Kong, repay them for the lost opium, and made China open more additional ports to foreign trade

Treaty of Tientsin

A treaty was made after China lost the Second Opium War. The treaty forced the Chinese government to accept more concessions (one of which was the legalization of opium), made China remove barriers that stopped European influence, had them open additional ports, and allow foreigners to live in China.

First Opium War

* Started because the Chinese government disposed of millions of dollars worth of opium
* From 1839 - 1842
* Britain won
* China was forced to accept the Treaty of Nanking (gave over Hong Kong, opened additional ports, gave Britain compensation for lost opium)

Second Opium War

* Started because Britain tried to force China to accept more concessions
* Began in 1856
* Forced to sign the Treaty of Tientsin

Most favored nation clause

Any rights granted to another nation would automatically be granted to Britain

Extraterritoriality

The right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts

Russo-Japanese War

* 1904
* Japan defeated Russian troops in Manchuria, gained control of Korea
* Made Korea a protectorate then, in 1910 annexed it
* Modernized their new territory (railways, roads, etc.), suppressed Korean culture
* Korean nationalist movement grew

**Usman dan Fodio**

They wanted to reform Muslim practices in Nigeria