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mammal characteristics
mammary glands, hair, endothermic, internal fertilization, differentiation of teeth
groups of mammals
monotremes, marsupials, eutherian
monotremes
eggs
marsupials
pouch
eutherian
complete developments in uterus
primate differences from mammals
fingers and toes are flexible, shoulder and hip joints have wide range of motion, eyes directed forward, large advanced brains, have one baby at a time
defining characteristic of primate
opposable thumbs
primate groups
prosimians, anthropoids
Differences between humans and our close relatives
hair, large complex brains, small teeth, upright posture, intricate behavior, tool making, language
hominoid
great apes and humans
hominin
more closely related to humans than chimps or gorillas
Hominids history
split from chimps, descended from trees, walked distances
3 genera of homonids
homo, australopithecus, ardipithecus
how identical are humans and chimps?
98.5%
Ardipithecus ramidus
hominin, walked upright, climbed trees, brain size small comapred to chimps, start of bipedalism
Australopithecus
Lucy found in Ethiopia, showed we evolved in Africa, fully bipedal
homo habilis
first to make stones - smarter
homo ergaster
size of modern humans, brain ½ size of humans
homo erectus
made large stone axes, used and created firs, first hominid to leave Africa to Europe
neanderthals
we didn’t evolve from them, only evolved in Europe and Asia, brain size around same as ours, buried their dead
homo sapiens
195,000 years ago, evolved in Africa, reduced size difference between sexes, large agriculture
Multiregional hypothesis
everyone evolved in Africa, homo erectus left Africa, homo sapiens evolved in many places
out of africa hypothesis
everyone evolved in Africa, homo erectus left Africa, homo sapiens only evolved in Africa
defining trait of humans
language
When did primates spit into monkeys and apes?
30 million years ago
When did hominids split from chimps?
6 million years ago
Who was Lucy? How old is she? What genus is she from? Where was she found?
First Australopithecus fossil to be found, 3.2 million years old, australopithecus afarensis, found in Ethiopia
When were tools first made?
2.5 million years ago
How are Neanderthals different from modern humans?
More robust, more prominent brows, protruding face
Why did Neanderthals go extinct?
homo sapiens replaced them
Did humans breed with Neanderthals?
yes
Why are larger brains good?
Capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, and the ability to use and create tools
Why do we walk upright? What is the advantage?
freed hands for carrying and manipulating tools
Note 
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