Feedback from muscles around and within the eye. Cues from eye movement.
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Accommodation
Relaxing (thinner lens, weaker focus, distant objects) and contracting (thicker lens, stronger focus, closer objects) the ciliary muscles changes the shape of the lens. Relays information for objects within about 2 meters.
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Convergence
Eyes turn inward to keep objects in focus.
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Binocular Disparity
Difference in the relative positions of objects in the retinal images of the two eyes
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Optic Flow
How scene elements change as the observer moves THROUGH a scene. Motion Blur. Things closer to you move faster than things further away
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Focus of Expansion (FOE)
Point the observer is moving toward. Objects closer to the FOE move outward slowly, objects closer to the observer move outward quickly. Rate deepens on distance from the observer, which can be used to infer depth
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Deletion and Accretion
Objects are occluded (deleted) or revealed from behind occlusion (accreted). Specific distance where eyes do not cross
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Disparity
Difference in retinal image
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Crossed Disparity
In Front of Horopter
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Uncrossed Disparity
Behind the Horopter
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Motion Aftereffect
Cells get tired, perceive things spinning in one direction as spinning in the opposite.
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Image Aftereffect
See opposite color when staring at a color for too long. ~ Smooth Pursuit: Continuous smooth movement of the eyes to track a moving object (or to track a stationary object while moving)
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Bimodal Neurons
Respond to TWO modalities (kinds of senses such as visual and tactile)
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Cocktail Party Problem
Attend to and understand a single convo in a sea of noise. Other conversations are unattended
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Broadbent’s Filter Theory of Attention
“People do not process unattended stimuli beyond basic physical properties.” *States that Information is unavailable for later recall.
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Divided Attention
Attending multiple things at a time.
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Feature Search / Pop-Out Effect
Single differences pop out. “Features” of things being searched for.
When low-level stimuli “capture” attention independent from the observer’s goals or intentions
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Frequency
More waves, pitch, notes of a song. Number of wave cycles per second
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Loudness
Perception of how loud something is, amplitude. Physical pressure of sound.
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Timbre
Sound quality - Tuning Fork vs Singing Drunk Dudes
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Cochlea
In the inner ear
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Auditory Path
Type 1 Auditory Nerve Fibers in Cochlea send info to the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus. Info first sent to the nucleus on the same side before crossing.
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Pinna
Weird ear wiggle shape. Useful in perceiving elevation
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Where and What streams
Similar to visual, connect to visual
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What stream
identifying and goes ventral temporal to frontal
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Where stream
location and goes dorsal temporal to parietal
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Perceiving elevation / distance of sound
Related to sound entering the pinna
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Spectral Shape Cue
Pinna-induced modification in a sound’s frequency spectrum. Modification of sound depends on elevation, allowing differences in frequency spectrum to be used to estimate elevation.
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Interaural Level Differences (ILD)
Relative loudness at two ears
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Acoustic Shadow
Head partially blocks sound waves traveling through it. Higher impact on higher frequencies
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Interaural Time Differences (ITD)
Relative time of arrival at the two ears. ~ Sound takes slightly longer to reach one ear than the other when sound is off center. Time difference is less than a millisecond, but still detected. Most effective for sudden onset sounds (clap, bang, snap) as opposed to complex extended waveforms
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Doppler Effect
Soundwaves compress with movement
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Phonemes
Smallest units of sound that, if changed, can change the meaning of a word. Ex: bAd Vs. bEd
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Vowels
Speech sounds produced with a relatively unrestricted flow of air through the pharynx and oral cavity. Produced by varying size and shape of the oral cavity.
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Broca’s Aphasia
Frontal lobe damage, impaired production but intact comprehension
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Wernicke’s Aphasia
Near the temporal junction, impaired comprehension but intact production.
Studied by 109 people
